Sources (799)
The modern works and reference pages cited on the atlas records. Each row links back to a place, person, library, group, controversy, or bridge event that uses it. Copyrighted full texts are not copied here.
- Sardis/Hyde? (Pleiades place 550867)
Pleiades Gazetteer (CC BY 3.0)
- 'Birmingham Qur'an manuscript dated among the oldest in the world' (press release, 22 July 2015)
University of Birmingham
- 'Christianity in Bet Qatraye: a survey of textual and archaeological sources' (thesis)
Univ. of Bergen (BORA)
- 'Excavations at a late antique to early Islamic pearling town and monastery on Siniya Island, Umm al-Quwain', Proceedings of the Seminar for Arabian Studies
Archaeopress
- 'Kur'an'da Hıristiyanlar ve Hıristiyanlık' (survey; discusses and critiques J. Azzi / Abu Musa al-Hariri, Qass wa-nabi)
Çukurova Univ. İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi (DergiPark)
- 'The Prophet Muhammad Safeguards Jesus and Mary's Icons in the Ka'ba' (on al-Azraqi, Akhbar Makka)
Berkeley Institute for Islamic Studies
- "Bostra", Catholic Encyclopedia (1913) — confessionalConfessional source
New Advent
- "Chazars", Jewish Encyclopedia (1906)
Jewish Encyclopedia / Funk & Wagnalls (public domain)
- "Cochin, Diocese of", Catholic Encyclopedia (1913) - confessional sourceConfessional source
New Advent
- "Cyrene", Catholic Encyclopedia (1913) - confessional sourceConfessional source
New Advent
- "Dhu Nuwas, Zur'Ah Yusuf Ibn Tuban As'Ad Abi Karib", Jewish Encyclopedia (1906)
Jewish Encyclopedia / Funk & Wagnalls (public domain)
- "Falashas", Jewish Encyclopedia (1906)
Jewish Encyclopedia / Funk & Wagnalls (public domain)
- "Helena", Jewish Encyclopedia (1906)
Jewish Encyclopedia / Funk & Wagnalls (public domain)
- "Himyarites", Jewish Encyclopedia (1906)
Jewish Encyclopedia / Funk & Wagnalls (public domain)
- "Joseph, King Of The Chazars", Jewish Encyclopedia (1906)
Jewish Encyclopedia / Funk & Wagnalls (public domain)
- "Khaibar", Jewish Encyclopedia (1906)
Jewish Encyclopedia / Funk & Wagnalls (public domain)
- "Medina", Jewish Encyclopedia (1906)
Jewish Encyclopedia / Funk & Wagnalls (public domain)
- "Nabatæans", Jewish Encyclopedia (1906)
Jewish Encyclopedia / Funk & Wagnalls (public domain)
- "Nablus", Jewish Encyclopedia (1906)
Jewish Encyclopedia / Funk & Wagnalls (public domain)
- "Nehardea (Nearda)", Jewish Encyclopedia (1906)
Jewish Encyclopedia / Funk & Wagnalls (public domain)
- "Petra", Catholic Encyclopedia (1913) — confessionalConfessional source
New Advent
- "Petra", Jewish Encyclopedia (1906)
Jewish Encyclopedia / Funk & Wagnalls (public domain)
- "Shechem", Jewish Encyclopedia (1906)
Jewish Encyclopedia / Funk & Wagnalls (public domain)
- "Shushan (Susa) Purim", Jewish Encyclopedia (1906)
Jewish Encyclopedia / Funk & Wagnalls (public domain)
- "Temple Of Mount Gerizim", Jewish Encyclopedia (1906)
Jewish Encyclopedia / Funk & Wagnalls (public domain)
- "Temple Of Onias", Jewish Encyclopedia (1906)
Jewish Encyclopedia / Funk & Wagnalls (public domain)
- "Yemen", Jewish Encyclopedia (1906)
Jewish Encyclopedia / Funk & Wagnalls (public domain)
- A Letter of Mara, Son of Serapion
tr. B. P. Pratten, ANF vol. 8, public domain; New Advent
- A Marginal Jew: Rethinking the Historical Jesus, vol. 1
John P. Meier (Yale University Press)
Flavius Josephus · Publius Cornelius Tacitus · Thallus (via Julius Africanus) · Yeshu in the Babylonian Talmud (b. Sanhedrin 43a)
- Abba Garima Monastery (Wikipedia)
Wikipedia contributors
- Abraha (Wikipedia)
Wikipedia contributors
Sana'a: al-Qalis, Abraha's cathedral · Abraha, Christian ruler of Yemen
- Abu Mena (UNESCO World Heritage List no. 90)
UNESCO World Heritage Centre
- Abu Mina (Claremont Coptic Encyclopedia)
Claremont Coptic Encyclopedia; The Coptic Encyclopedia (Macmillan 1991), Claremont Colleges Digital Library
- AbyssiniaConfessional source
Catholic Encyclopedia 1913 (confessional)
- Academy of Gondishapur (Wikipedia)
Wikipedia contributors
- Acts 2 (KJV, PD)
Bible Gateway
- Acts of the Apostles (KJV)
public domain; Wikisource
Simon Peter · Paul of Tarsus · James, son of Zebedee · Matthias
- Acts of the Holy Apostle Thomas (Gundaphorus episode)
tr. A. Walker, ANF vol. 8 (1886), public domain; New Advent
- Adam Silverstein, 'Who are the Aṣḥāb al-Ukhdūd? Q 85:4–10 in Near Eastern Context', Der Islam 96.2 (2019)
De Gruyter
- Adelphius (Wikipedia)
Wikipedia contributors
- Adiabene (Wikipedia)
Wikipedia contributors (CC BY-SA 4.0)
- Adulis (Wikipedia)
Wikipedia contributors
- Ahvaz (Wikipedia)
Wikipedia contributors
- Akhmim (Wikipedia)
Wikipedia contributors
- Aksum (UNESCO World Heritage List no. 15)
UNESCO World Heritage Centre
- Al-Mada'in (Wikipedia)
Wikipedia contributors (CC BY-SA 4.0)
- Al-Qalis Church (Wikipedia)
Wikipedia contributors
Sana'a: al-Qalis, Abraha's cathedral · al-Qalis, Abraha's cathedral at Sanaa
- AlbigensesConfessional source
Catholic Encyclopedia 1913 (confessional)
- Albigensian Crusade (Wikipedia)
Wikipedia contributors
- Alchasai
Encyclopaedia Iranica
- Alexander of Jerusalem (Wikipedia)
Wikipedia contributors
- Alexandria (Pleiades)
Pleiades
- Amaras Monastery (Wikipedia)
Wikipedia contributors
- Ancient City of Bosra (UNESCO World Heritage List no. 22)
UNESCO World Heritage Centre
- Ancient Ethiopian Churches in Historical Perspective
David W. Phillipson, The British Academy
- Andrew Rippin, 'RḤMNN and the Ḥanīfs', in Islamic Studies Presented to Charles J. Adams (1991)
Brill
- Angelika Neuwirth, 'Imagining Mary – Disputing Jesus: Reading Surat Maryam and Related Meccan Texts', in Fremde, Feinde und Kurioses (2009), 383–416
De Gruyter
Church of the Kathisma ('Seat' of Mary) between Jerusalem and Bethlehem · Qur'an, Sura 19 (Maryam)
- Angelika Neuwirth, The Qur'an and Late Antiquity: A Shared Heritage (trans. 2019)
Oxford University Press
- Antiphonary of Bangor
Catholic Encyclopedia (1907-1912), public domain; New Advent
- Aphrahat (Wikipedia)
Wikipedia contributors
- Aphrahat, Demonstrations
NPNF2 vol. 13, public domain; New Advent
- Aphrodisias (Pleiades place 638753)
Pleiades Gazetteer (CC BY 3.0)
- Aphrodisias (Wikipedia)
Wikipedia contributors (CC BY-SA 4.0)
- Apocalypse of Peter, NHC VII,3 (Brashler & Bullard trans.; copyrighted — link only)
Gnostic Society Library
- ApollinarianismConfessional source
Catholic Encyclopedia 1913 (confessional)
- Apollinarism
Wikipedia
- Aquincum (Wikipedia)
Wikipedia contributors
- Arabia (section on Najran)
Catholic Encyclopedia (1907), public domain; New Advent
- Arabic Gospel of the Infancy (ANF vol. 8, PD)
New Advent
- Arabic Wikipedia: قس بن ساعدة الإيادي
Wikipedia contributors (CC BY-SA 4.0)
- ARBELA
Encyclopaedia Iranica
- Arbela (e-GEDSH)
Gorgias Encyclopedic Dictionary of the Syriac Heritage, electronic ed., Beth Mardutho
- Archaeological Border complex of Hedeby and the Danevirke (UNESCO World Heritage List no. 1553)
UNESCO World Heritage Centre
- ArianismConfessional source
Catholic Encyclopedia 1913 (confessional)
Arians / Homoians · Arian controversy (Nicaea 325 – Constantinople 381)
- Arianism
Wikipedia
Arians / Homoians · Arian controversy (Nicaea 325 – Constantinople 381)
- Armagh
Catholic Encyclopedia (1907-1912), public domain; New Advent
- Armagh (Wikipedia)
Wikipedia contributors
- Armah
Wikipedia contributors (CC BY-SA 4.0), citing Munro-Hay 1991 and Hahn & West 2014 on the coins
- ArmeniaConfessional source
Catholic Encyclopedia (1907-1912), public domain; New Advent
Vagharshapat / Etchmiadzin · Ashtishat · Armenian Apostolic Church (Miaphysite branch)
- Armenian Apostolic Church
Wikipedia
- Artaxata (Wikipedia)
Wikipedia contributors
- Aṣḥam b. Abǧar (Asham b. Abjar)
Stuart Munro-Hay, Encyclopaedia Aethiopica, vol. 1, pp. 369a-370a (2003), via Habesha History transcription
- Aspadana/(I)Spahan/Gay/Gabai? (Pleiades place 902990)
Pleiades Gazetteer (CC BY 3.0)
- Athanasius, Life of Antony
tr. H. Ellershaw, NPNF2 vol. 4 (1892), public domain; New Advent
- Athos, MountConfessional source
Catholic Encyclopedia (1907-1912), public domain; New Advent
- Atil (Wikipedia)
Wikipedia contributors (CC BY-SA 4.0)
- Augustine of Canterbury, Saint
Catholic Encyclopedia (1907-1912), public domain; New Advent
Canterbury (Durovernum): St Martin's and Augustine's mission, 597
- Augustine, Confessions
NPNF1 vol. 1, public domain; New Advent
- Avdat (Wikipedia)
Wikipedia contributors (CC BY-SA 4.0)
- Bahira (Wikipedia)
Wikipedia contributors
- Bandar Siraf (Wikipedia)
Wikipedia contributors
- Bangor Abbey (Wikipedia)
Wikipedia contributors
- Banu Qurayza (Wikipedia)
Wikipedia contributors
- Barbara Roggema, The Legend of Sergius Baḥīrā: Eastern Christian Apologetics and Apocalyptic in Response to Islam (2009)
Brill
- Bardaiṣan
e-GEDSH
- Bardesanes
Encyclopaedia Iranica
- Bardesanes and BardesanitesConfessional source
Catholic Encyclopedia 1913 (confessional)
- Bartholomew the Apostle (Wikipedia)
Wikipedia contributors
- Basil, Letters
NPNF2 vol. 8, public domain; New Advent
- BasilidesConfessional source
Catholic Encyclopedia 1913 (confessional)
- Basilides
Wikipedia
Basilideans · Basilides' substitution teaching, as reported by Irenaeus
- Bawit (Claremont Coptic Encyclopedia)
René-Georges Coquin, Maurice Martin, Hans Georg Severin, Pierre du Bourguet; The Coptic Encyclopedia (Macmillan 1991), Claremont Colleges Digital Library
- Bede, Ecclesiastical History of the English People, Book I (Alban, ch. 7; Palladius, ch. 13)
tr. L. C. Jane (1903), public domain; Fordham Internet Medieval Sourcebook
Verulamium / St Albans (Alban) · Palladius (first bishop to the Irish): Fordoun cult site · Caerleon (Isca Silurum): Julius and Aaron · Canterbury (Durovernum): St Martin's and Augustine's mission, 597
- Bede, Ecclesiastical History of the English People, Book III (Columba and Iona, Aidan and Lindisfarne)
tr. L. C. Jane (1903), public domain; Fordham Internet Medieval Sourcebook
Iona · Lindisfarne (Holy Island) · Iona scriptorium · Lindisfarne scriptorium
- Bede, Ecclesiastical History, Book V (ch. 24: Bede's own account of Wearmouth-Jarrow)
tr. L. C. Jane (1903), public domain; Fordham Internet Medieval Sourcebook
- Bede, Lives of the Abbots of Wearmouth and Jarrow
public-domain translation; Fordham Internet Medieval Sourcebook
- Beta Israel (Wikipedia)
Wikipedia contributors (CC BY-SA 4.0)
Beta Israel: Gondar and Wolleka · Tana Qirqos (Lake Tana island)
- Beth Lapat (e-GEDSH)
Gorgias Encyclopedic Dictionary of the Syriac Heritage, electronic ed., Beth Mardutho
- Beth Qatraye (e-GEDSH)
Gorgias Encyclopedic Dictionary of the Syriac Heritage, electronic ed., Beth Mardutho
- Beth Qatraye (Wikipedia)
Wikipedia contributors
- Bharuch (Wikipedia)
Wikipedia contributors
- Birch bark manuscript (Wikipedia)
Wikipedia contributors
- Birka (Wikipedia)
Wikipedia contributors
- Birka and Hovgården (UNESCO World Heritage List no. 555)
UNESCO World Heritage Centre
- Block G4 (Pleiades place 451190330)
Pleiades Gazetteer (CC BY 3.0)
- Bobbio Abbey (Wikipedia)
Wikipedia contributors
- Bodbe Monastery (Wikipedia)
Wikipedia contributors
- Bogomilism
Wikipedia
- Bolnisi Sioni (Wikipedia)
Wikipedia contributors
- Book of Kells (Wikipedia)
Wikipedia contributors
- British Library, Add MS 12150 (Wikipedia)
Wikipedia contributors
- Bulayïq (Wikipedia)
Wikipedia contributors
- BulgariaConfessional source
Catholic Encyclopedia (1907-1912), public domain; New Advent
- Byzantine Iconoclasm (Wikipedia)
Wikipedia contributors
- Canterbury Cathedral, St Augustine's Abbey, and St Martin's Church (UNESCO World Heritage List no. 496)
UNESCO World Heritage Centre
Canterbury (Durovernum): St Martin's and Augustine's mission, 597
- Carpocrates
Wikipedia
- CassiodorusConfessional source
Catholic Encyclopedia (1907-1912), public domain; New Advent
- Catechetical School of Alexandria (Wikipedia)
Wikipedia contributors
- Cathach of St. Columba (Wikipedia)
Wikipedia contributors
- Cathari (section on Bulgarian roots)Confessional source
Catholic Encyclopedia 1913 (confessional)
- Catharism
Wikipedia
Cathars (Albigensians) · Suppression of Paulicians, Bogomils and Cathars
- Cathedral and Churches of Echmiatsin and the Archaeological Site of Zvartnots (UNESCO World Heritage List no. 1011)
UNESCO World Heritage Centre
- Celsus (Wikipedia)
Wikipedia contributors
- CerinthusConfessional source
Catholic Encyclopedia 1913 (confessional)
- Cerinthus
Wikipedia
- Charax Spasinu (Wikipedia)
Wikipedia contributors
- Christian community of Najran (Wikipedia)
Wikipedia contributors
- Christian Julien Robin, 'Abraha et la reconquête de l'Arabie déserte: un réexamen de l'inscription Ryckmans 506 = Murayghan 1', JSAI 39 (2012), 1–93
OCIANA bibliographic record
Abraha, Christian ruler of Yemen · The 'Year of the Elephant': Abraha's march on Mecca (Q 105)
- Christian Julien Robin, 'Ḥimyar, Aksum, and Arabia Deserta in Late Antiquity: The Epigraphic Evidence', in G. Fisher (ed.), Arabs and Empires before Islam (2015)
Oxford University Press
Himyar's official monotheism (Rahmanan) · Yusuf As'ar Yath'ar (Dhu Nuwas), Jewish king of Himyar · Martyrdom of the Christians of Najran · Kaleb (Ella Asbeha) of Aksum invades Himyar
- Christianity i. In pre-Islamic Persia: literary sources
Encyclopaedia Iranica
Church of the East (so-called "Nestorians") · Synods of Seleucia-Ctesiphon (410, 424): the Church of the East organizes
- CHRISTIANITY iii. In Central Asia and Chinese Turkestan
Nicholas Sims-Williams, Encyclopaedia Iranica
Merv · Herat · Bactria (Balkh) · Samarkand
- Christianity in Central Asia (Wikipedia)
Wikipedia contributors
- Christianity in pre-Islamic Arabia (Wikipedia)
Wikipedia contributors
Najran · Socotra (Dioscoris) · Beth Qatraye · Zafar (Himyar)
- Christianity in Roman Britain (Wikipedia)
Wikipedia contributors
Britannia: earliest claims (Tertullian, Origen) · Londinium (Bishop Restitutus, Arles 314)
- Chrysostom, Homilies on Matthew
NPNF1 vol. 10, public domain; New Advent
- Church of the East
e-GEDSH
- Church of the East
Wikipedia
Church of the East (so-called "Nestorians") · Synods of Seleucia-Ctesiphon (410, 424): the Church of the East organizes
- Ciarán of Clonmacnoise (Wikipedia)
Wikipedia contributors
- Clement of Alexandria, Stromata
ANF vol. 2, public domain; New Advent
- Clement of Ohrid (Wikipedia)
Wikipedia contributors
- Clementine Homilies (ANF vol. 8, PD)
New Advent
- Clonmacnoise (Wikipedia)
Wikipedia contributors
- Clonmacnoise Monastic Site
Heritage Ireland (Office of Public Works)
- Cochin Jews (Wikipedia)
Wikipedia contributors (CC BY-SA 4.0)
- Codex Amiatinus (Wikipedia)
Wikipedia contributors
- Codex argenteus
Uppsala University Library
- Codex Argenteus (Wikipedia)
Wikipedia contributors
- Codex Assemanius (Wikipedia)
Wikipedia contributors
- Codex Bobiensis (Wikipedia)
Wikipedia contributors
- Cologne
Catholic Encyclopedia (1907-1912), public domain; New Advent
- Cologne Cathedral (UNESCO World Heritage List no. 292)
UNESCO World Heritage Centre
- Columbanus, SaintConfessional source
Catholic Encyclopedia (1907-1912), public domain; New Advent
- Comgall (Wikipedia)
Wikipedia contributors
- Constantine the Great (Wikipedia)
Wikipedia contributors
- Convent of St Gall (UNESCO World Heritage List no. 268)
UNESCO World Heritage Centre
- Coptic LiteratureConfessional source
Catholic Encyclopedia 1913 (confessional)
- Coptic Orthodox Church
Wikipedia
- Cornelia Horn, 'Intersections: The Reception History of the Protoevangelium of James in Sources from the Christian East and in the Qur'an', Apocrypha 17 (2006)
Brepols
Protevangelium of James · Qur'an, Sura 3 (Al 'Imran): Mary's family and Jesus
- Cosmas Indicopleustes, Christian Topography, Book II (Adulis)
tr. J. W. McCrindle, Hakluyt Society (1897), public domain; tertullian.org
- Cosmas Indicopleustes, Christian Topography, Book III (churches in Taprobane, Male, Kalliana, Dioscoris)
tr. J. W. McCrindle, Hakluyt Society (1897), public domain; tertullian.org
Muziris (Thomas landing tradition) · Kalliana (bishop from Persia) · Socotra (Dioscoris) · Saint Thomas Christians of Kerala
- Cosmas Indicopleustes, Christian Topography, Book XI (Taprobane and its Persian Christians)
tr. J. W. McCrindle, Hakluyt Society (1897), public domain; tertullian.org
Kalliana (bishop from Persia) · Taprobane: Persian Christian church (Anuradhapura anchor)
- Council of Chalcedon (Wikipedia)
Wikipedia contributors
Chalcedon (451) and the Miaphysite split · Council of Chalcedon (451): Christ 'in two natures'
- Council of Ephesus (Wikipedia)
Wikipedia contributors
Nestorian controversy (Ephesus 431) · Council of Ephesus (431): Mary as Theotokos
- Craig R. Koester, 'The Origin and Significance of the Flight to Pella Tradition', Catholic Biblical Quarterly 51 (1989), 90–106
Luther Seminary Digital Commons
War with Rome and the dispersal of Jerusalem's Jesus-followers (incl. the Pella tradition)
- CTESIPHON
Encyclopaedia Iranica
- Cyprian, Epistles
ANF vol. 5, public domain; New Advent
- Cyrene, Libya (Wikipedia)
Wikipedia contributors (CC BY-SA 4.0)
- Cyril and Methodius, SaintsConfessional source
Catholic Encyclopedia (1907-1912), public domain; New Advent
Great Moravia: the Cyril and Methodius mission (Mikulčice / Velehrad)
- Cyril of Alexandria (Wikipedia)
Wikipedia contributors
- Daqin Pagoda (Wikipedia)
Wikipedia contributors
- Dayr Anba Antuniyus (Claremont Coptic Encyclopedia)
Claremont Coptic Encyclopedia (1991; updated 2017); The Coptic Encyclopedia (Macmillan 1991), Claremont Colleges Digital Library
- Dayr Anba Bishoi (Suhaj) (Claremont Coptic Encyclopedia)
The Coptic Encyclopedia, CE:736b-740b (via Calisphere); The Coptic Encyclopedia (Macmillan 1991), Claremont Colleges Digital Library
- Dayr Anba Bula (Claremont Coptic Encyclopedia)
Claremont Coptic Encyclopedia; The Coptic Encyclopedia (Macmillan 1991), Claremont Colleges Digital Library
- Dayr Anba Shinudah (Claremont Coptic Encyclopedia)
René-Georges Coquin, Maurice Martin, Peter Grossmann, Hans Georg Severin; The Coptic Encyclopedia (Macmillan 1991), Claremont Colleges Digital Library
- Dayrā d-Mār Matay (authority record)
Hill Museum & Manuscript Library (vHMML)
- Dayro d'Mor Mattai
Syriac Heritage Project
- DCT Abu Dhabi discovers ancient cross at monastery site on Sir Bani Yas Island
Abu Dhabi Media Office / Department of Culture and Tourism
- Debre Damo (Wikipedia)
Wikipedia contributors
- Delos Synagogue (Wikipedia)
Wikipedia contributors (CC BY-SA 4.0)
- Didascalia Apostolorum (Connolly 1929 trans.)
Early Christian Writings
- Dioceses of the Church of the East to 1318 (Wikipedia)
Wikipedia contributors
Merv · Socotra (Dioscoris) · Beth Qatraye · Dairin (Tarut Island)
- Discussion of G. Dye, 'Lieux saints communs, partagés ou confisqués: aux sources de quelques péricopes coraniques (Q 19:16–33)' (in Partage du sacré, 2012) and S. Shoemaker, 'Christmas in the Qur'an' (JSAI 28, 2003): 'Palmeira e pedra desenterrados'
REVER (PUC-SP)
Church of the Kathisma ('Seat' of Mary) between Jerusalem and Bethlehem · Palm-tree miracle (Gospel of Pseudo-Matthew and Dormition texts) · Qur'an, Sura 19 (Maryam)
- Donatism
Wikipedia
- DonatistsConfessional source
Catholic Encyclopedia 1913 (confessional)
- Dongola (Claremont Coptic Encyclopedia)
William Y. Adams; The Coptic Encyclopedia (Macmillan 1991), Claremont Colleges Digital Library
- Down Cathedral (Wikipedia)
Wikipedia contributors
- Dura-Europos synagogue (Wikipedia)
Wikipedia contributors (CC BY-SA 4.0)
- DVIN
Encyclopaedia Iranica
- Dvin (ancient city) (Wikipedia)
Wikipedia contributors
- E. A. Wallis Budge, The History of Alexander the Great, being the Syriac Version (1889, PD)
Cambridge UP / Internet Archive
- East–West Schism (Wikipedia)
Wikipedia contributors
- Easter ControversyConfessional source
Catholic Encyclopedia 1913 (confessional)
- EbionitesConfessional source
Catholic Encyclopedia (1909), public domain; New Advent
- Ebionites
Jewish Encyclopedia 1906
- Ebionites (Wikipedia)
Wikipedia contributors
Cocabe (Kokaba) in Bashanitis · Paneas / Caesarea Philippi · Ebionites
- Eboda (Pleiades place 687887)
Pleiades Gazetteer (CC BY 3.0)
- Eborius (Wikipedia)
Wikipedia contributors
- Ecbatana/Hagmatana/Achmeta/Epiphaneia/Ahmadan (Pleiades place 903021)
Pleiades Gazetteer (CC BY 3.0)
- EDESSA
Encyclopaedia Iranica
School of Edessa (School of the Persians) · Ephrem the Syrian · School of the Persians at Edessa
- ElcesaitesConfessional source
Catholic Encyclopedia 1913 (confessional)
- Elcesaites
Jewish Encyclopedia 1906
- Elcesaites
Wikipedia
- Elephantine papyri and ostraca (Wikipedia)
Wikipedia contributors (CC BY-SA 4.0)
- Eliezer ben Hurcanus (Wikipedia)
Wikipedia contributors
- Elizabeth Key Fowden, The Barbarian Plain: Saint Sergius between Rome and Iran (1999)
University of California Press
- Emran Iqbal El-Badawi, The Qur'an and the Aramaic Gospel Traditions (2014)
Routledge
- EncratitesConfessional source
Catholic Encyclopedia 1913 (confessional)
- Encratites
Wikipedia
- Encyclopaedia Iranica, 'Lakhmids'
Encyclopaedia Iranica Foundation
al-Hira, Lakhmid capital and Arab Christian center · al-Nu'man III, last Lakhmid king, becomes Christian
- Encyclopaedia Iranica, 'Mani'
Encyclopaedia Iranica Foundation
- Ephraim, Nisibene Hymns
NPNF2 vol. 13, public domain; New Advent
- Erbil Citadel (UNESCO World Heritage List no. 1437)
UNESCO World Heritage Centre
- Estelle Whelan, 'Forgotten Witness: Evidence for the Early Codification of the Qur'an', JAOS 118.1 (1998), 1–14
American Oriental Society / JSTOR
- Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church
Wikipedia
- Eugippius, Life of St. Severinus (Favianis, chs. 3-4 and later)
tr. G. W. Robinson, Harvard (1914), public domain; tertullian.org
- Eusebius, Church History I.7.14 (Julius Africanus on the desposynoi of Nazareth and Kochaba)
Eusebius of Caesarea, tr. A. C. McGiffert, NPNF2 vol. 1 (1890), public domain; New Advent
Kokaba (Galilee), home of the desposynoi · Nazareth (relatives of Jesus) · Jude Thaddeus
- Eusebius, Church History II (Mark in Alexandria; James; Peter and Paul in Rome)
tr. A. C. McGiffert, NPNF2 vol. 1 (1890), public domain; New Advent
Simon Peter · Paul of Tarsus · James the Just, brother of Jesus · Mark the Evangelist
- Eusebius, Church History III.5.3 (flight to Pella); III.20 (relatives of Jesus)
Eusebius of Caesarea, tr. A. C. McGiffert, NPNF2 vol. 1 (1890), public domain; New Advent
- Eusebius, Church History IV (Justin; Polycarp; Dialogue at Ephesus)
tr. A. C. McGiffert, NPNF2 vol. 1 (1890), public domain; New Advent
- Eusebius, Church History V (Pantaenus; Irenaeus)
tr. A. C. McGiffert, NPNF2 vol. 1 (1890), public domain; New Advent
Bartholomew · Irenaeus of Lyon · Catechetical School of Alexandria
- Eusebius, Church History VI (Origen, Alexander's library at Jerusalem, Caesarea)
tr. A. C. McGiffert, NPNF2 vol. 1 (1890), public domain; New Advent
Clement of Alexandria · Origen · Library of Caesarea Maritima (Origen and Pamphilus) · Catechetical School of Alexandria
- Eusebius, Church History VII.18 (statue tradition at Caesarea Philippi/Paneas)
Eusebius of Caesarea, tr. A. C. McGiffert, NPNF2 vol. 1 (1890), public domain; New Advent
- Eusebius, Life of Constantine IV.36 (fifty Bibles for Constantinople)
tr. E. C. Richardson, NPNF2 vol. 1 (1890), public domain; New Advent
- Eusebius, Life of Constantine, Book I (death of Constantius, Constantine's accession)
tr. E. C. Richardson, NPNF2 vol. 1 (1890), public domain; New Advent
- Evagrius Ponticus (Wikipedia)
Wikipedia contributors
- Ezekiel (Wikipedia, context article)
Wikipedia contributors (CC BY-SA 4.0)
- Ezekiel's Tomb (Wikipedia)
Wikipedia contributors (CC BY-SA 4.0)
- Fadak (Wikipedia)
Wikipedia contributors
- Failaka Island (Wikipedia)
Wikipedia contributors
- Faras (Claremont Coptic Encyclopedia)
William Y. Adams; The Coptic Encyclopedia (Macmillan 1991), Claremont Colleges Digital Library
- Faras Murals (Claremont Coptic Encyclopedia)
William Y. Adams; The Coptic Encyclopedia (Macmillan 1991), Claremont Colleges Digital Library
- Fars (e-GEDSH)
Gorgias Encyclopedic Dictionary of the Syriac Heritage, electronic ed., Beth Mardutho
- Fars (East Syriac ecclesiastical province) (Wikipedia)
Wikipedia contributors
Rev Ardashir · Siraf · Istakhr
- Fear of God and the Beginning of Wisdom: The School of Nisibis
Adam H. Becker (University of Pennsylvania Press, 2006)
School of Nisibis · School of the Persians at Edessa · Theodore of Mopsuestia, 'the Interpreter' · School of Nisibis
- Filioque (Catholic Encyclopedia 1913, confessional)Confessional source
Catholic Encyclopedia / New Advent
- Filioque (Wikipedia)
Wikipedia contributors
- First Council of Nicaea (Wikipedia)
Wikipedia contributors
Arian controversy (Nicaea 325 – Constantinople 381) · Councils of Nicaea (325) and Constantinople (381): the Trinity defined
- Flight to Pella (Wikipedia)
Wikipedia contributors
Pella · War with Rome and the dispersal of Jerusalem's Jesus-followers (incl. the Pella tradition)
- Fordoun (Wikipedia)
Wikipedia contributors
- François de Blois, 'Naṣrānī (Ναζωραῖος) and ḥanīf (ἐθνικός): Studies on the Religious Vocabulary of Christianity and of Islam', BSOAS 65.1 (2002), 1–30
Cambridge UP
The hanifs: Abraham's 'pure monotheism' · Why does the Qur'an call Christians 'Nasara'?
- François de Blois, 'The Sabians (Ṣābi'ūn) in Pre-Islamic Arabia', Acta Orientalia 56 (1995), 39–61
SOAS Research Online
al-Hira, Lakhmid capital and Arab Christian center · Who were the Qur'an's 'Sabians'?
- Fred M. Donner, Muhammad and the Believers: At the Origins of Islam (2010)
Harvard University Press
Muhammad ibn 'Abd Allah · The 'Believers' movement: an open monotheist community?
- Gabriel Said Reynolds, 'The Muslim Jesus: Dead or Alive?', Bulletin of SOAS 72.2 (2009), 237–258
Cambridge UP
- Gabriel Said Reynolds, The Qur'an and the Bible: Text and Commentary (2018)
Yale University Press
Qur'an, Sura 19 (Maryam) · Qur'an, Sura 3 (Al 'Imran): Mary's family and Jesus · Qur'an, Sura 5 (al-Ma'ida): the Table and 'me and my mother as two gods'
- Galatians 1 (KJV, PD)
Bible Gateway
- Gall, Abbey of SaintConfessional source
Catholic Encyclopedia (1907-1912), public domain; New Advent
- Gamla Uppsala (Wikipedia)
Wikipedia contributors
- Garima Gospels (Wikipedia)
Wikipedia contributors
- Garizein (mountain) (Pleiades place 678147)
Pleiades Gazetteer (CC BY 3.0)
- Georgia
Catholic Encyclopedia (1907-1912), public domain; New Advent
- Gerrit J. Reinink, 'Alexander the Great in Seventh-Century Syriac Apocalyptic Texts' (2003; repr. in Syriac Christianity under Late Sasanian and Early Islamic Rule)
Routledge (reprint)
- Ghassanids (Wikipedia)
Wikipedia contributors
Jabiya (Ghassanid capital) · Rusafa (Sergiopolis) · Ghassanids: Christian Arab kings for Byzantium (al-Jabiya)
- Glastonbury Abbey
Catholic Encyclopedia (1907-1912), public domain; New Advent
- Glastonbury Abbey (Wikipedia)
Wikipedia contributors
- GnosticismConfessional source
Catholic Encyclopedia 1913 (confessional)
Sethians (Sethian Gnostics; "Gnostikoi") · Carpocratians · Nicolaitans · The "Gnostic" controversies
- Gnosticism (Wikipedia)
Wikipedia contributors
- GONDĒŠĀPUR
Encyclopaedia Iranica
Beth Lapat (Gundeshapur) · School of Gundeshapur (Beth Lapat)
- Gondophares (Wikipedia)
Wikipedia contributors
- Gospel of Mark (authorship; Mark in Alexandria)Confessional source
Catholic Encyclopedia (1907-1912), public domain; New Advent
- Gospel of Pseudo-Matthew (ANF vol. 8, PD)
New Advent
Palm-tree miracle (Gospel of Pseudo-Matthew and Dormition texts)
- Gospels of Otto III (Wikipedia)
Wikipedia contributors
- Gothic Christianity
Wikipedia
- Great Lavra (Wikipedia)
Wikipedia contributors
- Great Moravia (Wikipedia)
Wikipedia contributors
Great Moravia: the Cyril and Methodius mission (Mikulčice / Velehrad)
- Greg Fisher, Between Empires: Arabs, Romans, and Sasanians in Late Antiquity (2011)
Oxford University Press
Queen Mavia's revolt and her Arab bishop Moses · Simeon Stylites and the conversion of Arab pilgrims · Pre-Islamic Christian inscriptions in Arabic script (Zabad 512, Jabal Usays 528, Harran 568) · Ghassanids: Christian Arab kings for Byzantium (al-Jabiya)
- Gregory Nazianzen, Select Orations
NPNF2 vol. 7, public domain; New Advent
- Gregory of Nyssa, Against Eunomius
NPNF2 vol. 5, public domain; New Advent
- Gregory the Illuminator
Catholic Encyclopedia (1907-1912), public domain; New Advent
- Guy G. Stroumsa, 'Seal of the Prophets: The Nature of a Manichaean Metaphor', JSAI 7 (1986), 61–74
Academia.edu (author upload)
Mani and the 'seal of the prophets' · Qur'an 33:40: Muhammad as 'seal of the prophets'
- Hanif (Wikipedia)
Wikipedia contributors (CC BY-SA 4.0)
Mecca: traditional Christian connections · The hanifs: Abraham's 'pure monotheism'
- Haran Gawaita (Wikipedia)
Wikipedia contributors
- ḤARRĀN
Encyclopaedia Iranica
- Harran (Wikipedia)
Wikipedia contributors (CC BY-SA 4.0)
- Hedeby (Wikipedia)
Wikipedia contributors
- Hegra Archaeological Site (al-Hijr / Mada'in Salih) (UNESCO World Heritage List no. 1293)
UNESCO World Heritage Centre
- Hikmat Kashouh, The Arabic Versions of the Gospels: The Manuscripts and Their Families (2012)
De Gruyter
- Hinton St Mary Mosaic (Wikipedia)
Wikipedia contributors
- Hippolytus, Refutation of All Heresies, Book 7 (ANF trans., PD) — hostile source
New Advent
- ḤIRA
Encyclopaedia Iranica
al-Hira (Hirta) · al-Hira, Lakhmid capital and Arab Christian center · 'Adi ibn Zayd, Christian poet of al-Hira
- Hirta (al-Hira) (e-GEDSH)
Gorgias Encyclopedic Dictionary of the Syriac Heritage, electronic ed., Beth Mardutho
- Historical Monuments of Mtskheta (UNESCO World Heritage List no. 708)
UNESCO World Heritage Centre
- History of the Jews in Alexandria (Wikipedia)
Wikipedia contributors (CC BY-SA 4.0)
- History of the Jews in China (Wikipedia, context article)
Wikipedia contributors (CC BY-SA 4.0)
- History of the Jews in Iran (Wikipedia)
Wikipedia contributors (CC BY-SA 4.0)
- History of the Jews in Libya (Wikipedia, context article)
Wikipedia contributors (CC BY-SA 4.0)
- Holger M. Zellentin, The Qur'an's Legal Culture: The Didascalia Apostolorum as a Point of Departure (2013)
Mohr Siebeck
- Holon (Wikipedia, context article)
Wikipedia contributors (CC BY-SA 4.0)
- Hormizd, Monastery of Rabban (e-GEDSH)
Gorgias Encyclopedic Dictionary of the Syriac Heritage, electronic ed., Beth Mardutho
- Hulwan (East Syriac ecclesiastical province) (Wikipedia)
Wikipedia contributors
- Hulwan (Wikipedia)
Wikipedia contributors
- Ibn Ishaq, Sirat Rasul Allah, trans. A. Guillaume, The Life of Muhammad (OUP 1955) — insider tradition, compiled c. 750, recension of Ibn Hisham d. 833
Internet Archive (lending record)
al-Qalis, Abraha's cathedral at Sanaa · Bahira the monk meets the young Muhammad at Bostra · Zayd ibn 'Amr ibn Nufayl · Waraqa ibn Nawfal, Khadija's Christian cousin
- Iconoclasm (Catholic Encyclopedia 1913, confessional)Confessional source
Catholic Encyclopedia / New Advent
- Ierusalem/Hierosolyma/Col. Aelia Capitolina (Pleiades place 687928)
Pleiades Gazetteer (CC BY 3.0)
- Ignatius of Antioch, Letter to the Smyrnaeans (ANF trans., PD)
New Advent
- Ignatius, Epistle to the Romans
ANF vol. 1, public domain; New Advent
- Imperial Library of Constantinople (Wikipedia)
Wikipedia contributors
- Incantation bowl (Wikipedia)
Wikipedia contributors (CC BY-SA 4.0)
- Infancy Gospel of Thomas (ANF trans., PD)
Early Christian Writings
- Inscribed bowl, Water Newton treasure (1975,1002.5)
British Museum
- Iona Abbey (Wikipedia)
Wikipedia contributors
- Irenaeus, Against Heresies
ANF vol. 1, public domain; New Advent
- Irenaeus, Against Heresies 1.24 (ANF trans., public domain) — hostile source
New Advent / Roberts & Donaldson
- Isaac of Nineveh (Wikipedia)
Wikipedia contributors
- Isfahan (Wikipedia, context article)
Wikipedia contributors (CC BY-SA 4.0)
- Jabal al-Tarif (Claremont Coptic Encyclopedia)
René-Georges Coquin and Maurice Martin; The Coptic Encyclopedia (Macmillan 1991), Claremont Colleges Digital Library
- Jabiyah (Wikipedia)
Wikipedia contributors
- Jan M. F. Van Reeth, 'L'Évangile du Prophète', in Al-Kitab: La sacralité du texte dans le monde de l'Islam (Acta Orientalia Belgica Subsidia 3, 2004)
Société belge d'études orientales (series page)
- Jelling Mounds, Runic Stones and Church (UNESCO World Heritage List no. 697)
UNESCO World Heritage Centre
- Jelling stones (Wikipedia)
Wikipedia contributors
- Jerome, De viris illustribus 3 (Nazarenes of Beroea and the Hebrew Matthew)
Jerome, tr. E. C. Richardson, NPNF2 vol. 3 (1892), public domain; New Advent
- Jerome, Life of Paulus the First Hermit
tr. W. H. Fremantle, NPNF2 vol. 6 (1893), public domain; New Advent
- Jesus in the Talmud
Peter Schäfer (Princeton University Press, 2007)
Yeshu in the Babylonian Talmud (b. Sanhedrin 43a) · Jacob of Kefar Sekhanya (t. Hullin 2:22-24) · The Ben Pandera / Panthera tradition
- Jesus in the Talmud (Wikipedia)
Wikipedia contributors
- Jesus' Family and their Genealogy according to the Testimony of Julius Africanus
Christophe Guignard, University of Basel repository (edoc)
- Jewish tribes of Arabia (Wikipedia)
Wikipedia contributors
- Jingjiao Documents (Wikipedia)
Wikipedia contributors
- John of Rila (Wikipedia)
Wikipedia contributors
- Jordanes, The Origin and Deeds of the Goths (Getica 51: Ulfilas and the Gothi minores near Nicopolis)
tr. C. C. Mierow (1915), public domain; Project Gutenberg
- Josephus and Jesus: New Evidence for the One Called Christ
T. C. Schmidt (Oxford University Press, 2025)
- Josephus and Modern Scholarship (1937-1980)
Louis H. Feldman (De Gruyter, 1984)
- Josephus on Jesus (Wikipedia)
Wikipedia contributors
- Josephus, Antiquities 18 (18.63-64)
tr. W. Whiston (1737), public domain; Penelope, University of Chicago
- Josephus, Antiquities 20 (20.200, death of James)
tr. W. Whiston (1737), public domain; Penelope, University of Chicago
James the Just, brother of Jesus · Flavius Josephus · Jesus of Nazareth (crucifixion in Jerusalem) · James the Just and the Jerusalem church
- Jubail Church (Wikipedia)
Wikipedia contributors
- Jude the Apostle (Wikipedia)
Wikipedia contributors
- Julius Africanus, Extant Works (Chronography fragment XVIII on Thallus)
ANF vol. 6, public domain; New Advent
- Julius and Aaron (Wikipedia)
Wikipedia contributors
- Justin Martyr, First Apology
ANF vol. 1, public domain; New Advent
- Kaifeng Jews (Wikipedia)
Wikipedia contributors (CC BY-SA 4.0)
- Kalyan (Wikipedia)
Wikipedia contributors
- Kantharos, Water Newton treasure (1975,1002.6)
British Museum
- Karka d-Beth Slokh (e-GEDSH)
Gorgias Encyclopedic Dictionary of the Syriac Heritage, electronic ed., Beth Mardutho
- KASHGAR
Encyclopaedia Iranica
- Kashkar (Wikipedia)
Wikipedia contributors
- Kawkab Abu al-Hija (Wikipedia)
Wikipedia contributors
- Kellia (Wikipedia)
Wikipedia contributors
- Kellis (Wikipedia)
Wikipedia contributors
- Kevin van Bladel, 'The Alexander Legend in the Qur'an 18:83–102', in G. S. Reynolds (ed.), The Qur'an in Its Historical Context (2008), 175–203
Routledge
Syriac Alexander Legend (Neṣḥānā d-Aleksandros) · Qur'an, Sura 18 (al-Kahf): Companions of the Cave and Dhu al-Qarnayn
- Kharg Island (Wikipedia)
Wikipedia contributors
- KHARG ISLAND ii. History and archaeology
Encyclopaedia Iranica
- Khaybar (Wikipedia)
Wikipedia contributors
- Khor Virap (Wikipedia)
Wikipedia contributors
- Kiev Missal (Wikipedia)
Wikipedia contributors
Great Moravia: the Cyril and Methodius mission (Mikulčice / Velehrad)
- Kildare (Wikipedia)
Wikipedia contributors
- Kildare, School of
Catholic Encyclopedia (1907-1912), public domain; New Advent
- Kirkuk (Wikipedia)
Wikipedia contributors
- Kyiv Pechersk Lavra (Wikipedia)
Wikipedia contributors
- Kyiv: Saint-Sophia Cathedral and Related Monastic Buildings, Kyiv-Pechersk Lavra (UNESCO World Heritage List no. 527)
UNESCO World Heritage Centre
- Lawrence I. Conrad, 'Abraha and Muhammad: Some Observations Apropos of Chronology and Literary Topoi in the Early Arabic Historical Tradition', BSOAS 50.2 (1987), 225–240
Cambridge UP
- Leontopolis (Heliopolis) (Wikipedia)
Wikipedia contributors (CC BY-SA 4.0)
- Letters of St. Jerome
NPNF2 vol. 6, public domain; New Advent
- Lindisfarne Gospels (Wikipedia)
Wikipedia contributors
- Lindisfarne, Ancient Diocese and Monastery ofConfessional source
Catholic Encyclopedia (1907-1912), public domain; New Advent
- Lucian, The Death of Peregrine 11-13
tr. H. W. and F. G. Fowler (1905), public domain; sacred-texts.com
- Lullingstone Roman Villa
English Heritage
- Lullingstone Roman Villa (Wikipedia)
Wikipedia contributors
- Mainz
Catholic Encyclopedia (1907-1912), public domain; New Advent
- Maishan (East Syriac ecclesiastical province) (Wikipedia)
Wikipedia contributors
- Mandaeans (Wikipedia)
Wikipedia contributors
Nasaraeans of Gilead, Bashan and Transjordan · Ṭib, 'city of Ashganda' (near Wasit)
- MANDAEANS i. History
Edmondo F. Lupieri, Encyclopaedia Iranica (2008, upd. 2018)
Mesene / Characene (Charax Spasinou) · Ṭib, 'city of Ashganda' (near Wasit) · Harran ('Inner Harran' tradition)
- MANDAEANS iv. Community in Iran
Jorunn J. Buckley, Encyclopaedia Iranica (2005, upd. 2016)
Mesene / Characene (Charax Spasinou) · Ahvaz (Hormizd-Ardashir) · Shushtar
- Mani
e-GEDSH (Gorgias Encyclopedic Dictionary of the Syriac Heritage)
- ManichaeismConfessional source
Catholic Encyclopedia 1913 (confessional)
Manichaeans · Suppression of Manichaeism (Rome, Persia, China)
- Manichaeism
Wikipedia
Manichaeans · Suppression of Manichaeism (Rome, Persia, China)
- Manicheism i. General Survey (W. Sundermann)
Encyclopaedia Iranica
- Mara bar Serapion on Jesus (Wikipedia)
Wikipedia contributors
- Marcion of Sinope (Wikipedia)
Wikipedia contributors
- Marcionism
Wikipedia
- MarcionitesConfessional source
Catholic Encyclopedia 1913 (confessional)
- Mark the Evangelist (Wikipedia)
Wikipedia contributors
- Martyrdom of Polycarp
ANF vol. 1, public domain; New Advent
- MeccaConfessional source
Catholic Encyclopedia (1907-1912), public domain; New Advent
- Mecca (Wikipedia)
Wikipedia contributors
- Meletius of LycopolisConfessional source
Catholic Encyclopedia 1913 (confessional)
- Meletius of Lycopolis
Wikipedia
- Merv (East Syriac ecclesiastical province) (Wikipedia)
Wikipedia contributors
- Mesrop Mashtots (Wikipedia)
Wikipedia contributors
- Messalianism
Wikipedia
- MessaliansConfessional source
Catholic Encyclopedia 1913 (confessional)
- Miaphysitism
Wikipedia
Miaphysites (non-Chalcedonian / Oriental Orthodox) · Chalcedon (451) and the Miaphysite split
- Migration to Abyssinia
Wikipedia contributors (CC BY-SA 4.0)
- Misiche/Peroz-Shapur/Anbar/Pumbedita/Pallughtha (Pleiades place 894043)
Pleiades Gazetteer (CC BY 3.0)
- Mogao Caves (UNESCO World Heritage List no. 440)
UNESCO World Heritage Centre
- Mogao Caves (Wikipedia)
Wikipedia contributors
- MonarchiansConfessional source
Catholic Encyclopedia 1913 (confessional)
- Monastery of Saint Anthony (Wikipedia)
Wikipedia contributors
- Monastery of Saint Mary Deipara (Dayr al-Suryan) (Wikipedia)
Wikipedia contributors
- Monastery of Stoudios (Wikipedia)
Wikipedia contributors
- Monastery Paintings, Coptic (Kellia section) (Claremont Coptic Encyclopedia)
Claremont Coptic Encyclopedia; The Coptic Encyclopedia (Macmillan 1991), Claremont Colleges Digital Library
- Monastic Island of Reichenau (UNESCO World Heritage List no. 974)
UNESCO World Heritage Centre
- Monasticism, Pachomian (Claremont Coptic Encyclopedia)
Claremont Coptic Encyclopedia; The Coptic Encyclopedia (Macmillan 1991), Claremont Colleges Digital Library
- Monophysites and MonophysitismConfessional source
Catholic Encyclopedia 1913 (confessional)
Miaphysites (non-Chalcedonian / Oriental Orthodox) · Chalcedon (451) and the Miaphysite split
- Monothelitism
Wikipedia
Monothelites (Monoenergists) · Monoenergist / Monothelite controversy (Constantinople 680–681)
- Monothelitism and MonothelitesConfessional source
Catholic Encyclopedia 1913 (confessional)
Monothelites (Monoenergists) · Monoenergist / Monothelite controversy (Constantinople 680–681)
- Montanism
Wikipedia
Montanists (the New Prophecy) · The New Prophecy (Montanism)
- MontanistsConfessional source
Catholic Encyclopedia 1913 (confessional)
Montanists (the New Prophecy) · The New Prophecy (Montanism)
- Mor Mattai Monastery (Wikipedia)
Wikipedia contributors
- Mount Athos (UNESCO World Heritage List no. 454)
UNESCO World Heritage Centre
- Mount Gerizim (Wikipedia)
Wikipedia contributors (CC BY-SA 4.0)
- Muziris (Wikipedia)
Wikipedia contributors
- N. T. Wright, 'Paul, Arabia, and Elijah (Galatians 1:17)', Journal of Biblical Literature 115.4 (1996), 683–692
SBL / JSTOR
- Nablus (Wikipedia)
Wikipedia contributors (CC BY-SA 4.0)
- Nag Hammadi Library (Claremont Coptic Encyclopedia)
James M. Robinson; The Coptic Encyclopedia (Macmillan 1991), Claremont Colleges Digital Library
- Najashi
Wikipedia contributors (CC BY-SA 4.0)
- Nazarene (sect) (Wikipedia)
Wikipedia contributors
Beroea (Nazarene community) · Nasaraeans of Gilead, Bashan and Transjordan
- Nazareth
Catholic Encyclopedia (1911), public domain; New Advent
- Neapolis (Pleiades place 678301)
Pleiades Gazetteer (CC BY 3.0)
- Negash
Wikipedia contributors (CC BY-SA 4.0)
- Negash (Al-Nejashi) Village: Sanctuary of the First Hijra and Enduring Legacy of Interfaith Tolerance
UNESCO World Heritage Centre, Tentative List ref. 7015; submitted 22 January 2026 by the Ethiopian Heritage Authority
- Negash (Nägaš)
Alessandro Gori, Encyclopaedia Aethiopica, vol. 3, pp. 1107b-1109a (2007), via Habesha History transcription
- Nehardea (Wikipedia)
Wikipedia contributors (CC BY-SA 4.0)
- Nestorianism (Wikipedia)
Wikipedia contributors
Nestorian controversy (Ephesus 431) · Nestorius, deposed patriarch of Constantinople
- Nestorius and NestorianismConfessional source
Catholic Encyclopedia 1913 (confessional)
Church of the East (so-called "Nestorians") · Nestorian controversy (Ephesus 431)
- Nicolaism
Wikipedia
- Ninian (Wikipedia)
Wikipedia contributors
- NovatianismConfessional source
Catholic Encyclopedia 1913 (confessional)
- Novatianism
Wikipedia
- Novgorod Codex (Wikipedia)
Wikipedia contributors
- Nubian Christian Architecture (Claremont Coptic Encyclopedia)
Peter Grossmann; The Coptic Encyclopedia (Macmillan 1991), Claremont Colleges Digital Library
- Ohrid Literary School (Wikipedia)
Wikipedia contributors
- Origen and OrigenismConfessional source
Catholic Encyclopedia 1913 (confessional)
- Origen, Contra Celsum, Book I (Panthera story, I.32)
ANF vol. 4, public domain; New Advent
- Origen, De Principiis
ANF vol. 4, public domain; New Advent
- Origen, Eusebius, and the Accidental Interpolation in Josephus, Jewish Antiquities 20.200
Richard Carrier, Journal of Early Christian Studies 20.4 (2012)
- Origenism
Wikipedia
- Oshakan (Wikipedia)
Wikipedia contributors
- Ostromir Gospels (Wikipedia)
Wikipedia contributors
- Palladius (bishop of Ireland) (Wikipedia)
Wikipedia contributors
- Pamphilus of Caesarea (Wikipedia)
Wikipedia contributors
- Passing of Peregrinus (Wikipedia)
Wikipedia contributors
- Patricia Crone, 'Jewish Christianity and the Qur'an (Part One)', Journal of Near Eastern Studies 74.2 (2015), 225–253
University of Chicago Press
Pseudo-Clementine Homilies and Recognitions · Did Jewish-Christian groups survive to shape the Qur'an?
- Patricia Crone, 'Jewish Christianity and the Qur'an (Part Two)', Journal of Near Eastern Studies 75.1 (2016), 1–21
University of Chicago Press
- Paul in Arabia
Martin Hengel, Bulletin for Biblical Research 12 (2002)
- Paul of SamosataConfessional source
Catholic Encyclopedia 1913 (confessional)
- Paul of Samosata
Wikipedia
- Paul, Arabia, and Elijah (Galatians 1:17)
N. T. Wright, Journal of Biblical Literature 115 (1996), author's site
- Paulicianism
Wikipedia
Paulicians · Suppression of Paulicians, Bogomils and Cathars
- PauliciansConfessional source
Catholic Encyclopedia 1913 (confessional)
- Pbow (Claremont Coptic Encyclopedia)
René-Georges Coquin, Maurice Martin and Peter Grossmann; The Coptic Encyclopedia (Macmillan 1991), Claremont Colleges Digital Library
- Pbow ruins at Fāw Qiblī (photo record)
Nag Hammadi Archive, Claremont Colleges Digital Library
- Pelagianism
Wikipedia
- Pelagius (Wikipedia)
Wikipedia contributors
- Pelagius and PelagianismConfessional source
Catholic Encyclopedia (1907-1912), public domain; New Advent
Pelagius (British origin) · Pelagians · Pelagian controversy
- Peter Waldo
Wikipedia
- Petra (UNESCO World Heritage List no. 326)
UNESCO World Heritage Centre
- Petra papyri (Wikipedia)
Wikipedia contributors
- Plan of Saint Gall (Wikipedia)
Wikipedia contributors
- Pleiades place 108751: Ara Ubiorum/Col. Claudia Ara Agrippinensium
Pleiades Gazetteer (ISAW, NYU)
- Pleiades place 109169: Mogontiacum
Pleiades Gazetteer (ISAW, NYU)
- Pleiades place 118673: Faviana
Pleiades Gazetteer (ISAW, NYU)
- Pleiades place 197131: Aquincum Castra
Pleiades Gazetteer (ISAW, NYU)
- Pleiades place 216895: Nicopolis ad Istrum
Pleiades Gazetteer (ISAW, NYU)
- Pleiades place 269070833: Yeha
Pleiades Gazetteer (ISAW, NYU)
- Pleiades place 29762: [Siraf]
Pleiades Gazetteer (ISAW, NYU)
- Pleiades place 29766: [Sohar]
Pleiades Gazetteer (ISAW, NYU)
- Pleiades place 39271: Adouli
Pleiades Gazetteer (ISAW, NYU)
- Pleiades place 39286: Anagrana/Negram
Pleiades Gazetteer (ISAW, NYU)
- Pleiades place 39303: A(u)xoume
Pleiades Gazetteer (ISAW, NYU)
- Pleiades place 39423: Ẓafār
Pleiades Gazetteer (ISAW, NYU)
- Pleiades place 49863: Anuradhapura
Pleiades Gazetteer (ISAW, NYU)
- Pleiades place 50146: Muziris
Pleiades Gazetteer (ISAW, NYU)
- Pleiades place 59737: Barygaza
Pleiades Gazetteer (ISAW, NYU)
- Pleiades place 59915: Marakanda
Pleiades Gazetteer (ISAW, NYU)
- Pleiades place 60083: Taxila
Pleiades Gazetteer (ISAW, NYU)
- Pleiades place 619222: Nyssa
Pleiades Gazetteer (ISAW, NYU)
- Pleiades place 638860: Hierapolis
Pleiades Gazetteer (ISAW, NYU)
- Pleiades place 658409: Beroia
Pleiades Gazetteer (ISAW, NYU)
- Pleiades place 658427: Harran/Carrhae
Pleiades Gazetteer (ISAW, NYU)
- Pleiades place 668354: Resapha/Sergioupolis
Pleiades Gazetteer (ISAW, NYU)
- Pleiades place 678054: Batanaia/Basanitis
Pleiades Gazetteer (ISAW, NYU)
- Pleiades place 678073: Bostra
Pleiades Gazetteer (ISAW, NYU)
- Pleiades place 678143: Gala(a)ditis
Pleiades Gazetteer (ISAW, NYU)
- Pleiades place 678227: Karnaia/Astaroth?
Pleiades Gazetteer (ISAW, NYU)
- Pleiades place 678299: Nazareth
Pleiades Gazetteer (ISAW, NYU)
- Pleiades place 678324: Paneas/Caesarea Philippi
Pleiades Gazetteer (ISAW, NYU)
- Pleiades place 678326: Pella/Berenice/Philippeia
Pleiades Gazetteer (ISAW, NYU)
- Pleiades place 678401: Caesarea
Pleiades Gazetteer (ISAW, NYU)
- Pleiades place 697725: Petra
Pleiades Gazetteer (ISAW, NYU)
- Pleiades place 727105: Deir Abou Menas
Pleiades Gazetteer (ISAW, NYU)
- Pleiades place 727108: Deir el-Sourian
Pleiades Gazetteer (ISAW, NYU)
- Pleiades place 727141: Kellia
Pleiades Gazetteer (ISAW, NYU)
- Pleiades place 746800: *Qubba
Pleiades Gazetteer (ISAW, NYU)
- Pleiades place 746826: Tou Batou
Pleiades Gazetteer (ISAW, NYU)
- Pleiades place 756521: Apa Apollo
Pleiades Gazetteer (ISAW, NYU)
- Pleiades place 756538: Athribis/Triph(i)eion (nearby town)
Pleiades Gazetteer (ISAW, NYU)
- Pleiades place 756545: Chenoboskion (nearby)
Pleiades Gazetteer (ISAW, NYU)
- Pleiades place 756613: Panopolis/Schmin
Pleiades Gazetteer (ISAW, NYU)
- Pleiades place 776189: Kellis
Pleiades Gazetteer (ISAW, NYU)
- Pleiades place 786125: Tabennisis
Pleiades Gazetteer (ISAW, NYU)
- Pleiades place 79393: Col. Camulodunum
Pleiades Gazetteer (ISAW, NYU)
- Pleiades place 79395: Col. Lindum
Pleiades Gazetteer (ISAW, NYU)
- Pleiades place 79432: Durobrivae (Water Newton)
Pleiades Gazetteer (ISAW, NYU)
- Pleiades place 79439: Durovernum
Pleiades Gazetteer (ISAW, NYU)
Canterbury (Durovernum): St Martin's and Augustine's mission, 597
- Pleiades place 79532: Isca Silurum
Pleiades Gazetteer (ISAW, NYU)
- Pleiades place 79574: Londinium/Augusta
Pleiades Gazetteer (ISAW, NYU)
Britannia: earliest claims (Tertullian, Origen) · Londinium (Bishop Restitutus, Arles 314)
- Pleiades place 79582: Lullingstone
Pleiades Gazetteer (ISAW, NYU)
- Pleiades place 795838: Pachoras
Pleiades Gazetteer (ISAW, NYU)
- Pleiades place 795845: Premis
Pleiades Gazetteer (ISAW, NYU)
- Pleiades place 79739: Verulamium
Pleiades Gazetteer (ISAW, NYU)
- Pleiades place 814675: Egra/Meda'in Salih
Pleiades Gazetteer (ISAW, NYU)
- Pleiades place 814683: Khaybar
Pleiades Gazetteer (ISAW, NYU)
- Pleiades place 814688: Iathrippa
Pleiades Gazetteer (ISAW, NYU)
- Pleiades place 814739: Thaima
Pleiades Gazetteer (ISAW, NYU)
- Pleiades place 814750: Wadi al-Qura'
Pleiades Gazetteer (ISAW, NYU)
- Pleiades place 863760: Bolnisi
Pleiades Gazetteer (ISAW, NYU)
- Pleiades place 863780: Doubios
Pleiades Gazetteer (ISAW, NYU)
- Pleiades place 863815: Kainepolis (Vagharshapat)
Pleiades Gazetteer (ISAW, NYU)
- Pleiades place 863840: Meschistha
Pleiades Gazetteer (ISAW, NYU)
- Pleiades place 863860: Oshakan
Pleiades Gazetteer (ISAW, NYU)
- Pleiades place 865674318: Dongola
Pleiades Gazetteer (ISAW, NYU)
- Pleiades place 874341: Arbela/Arba-ilu
Pleiades Gazetteer (ISAW, NYU)
- Pleiades place 874361: Artaxata
Pleiades Gazetteer (ISAW, NYU)
- Pleiades place 874369: Ashtishat
Pleiades Gazetteer (ISAW, NYU)
- Pleiades place 884113: Amaras
Pleiades Gazetteer (ISAW, NYU)
- Pleiades place 89175: Eburacum
Pleiades Gazetteer (ISAW, NYU)
- Pleiades place 893941: Arrapha/Karkha de Beth Seluk
Pleiades Gazetteer (ISAW, NYU)
- Pleiades place 893976: Ctesiphon
Pleiades Gazetteer (ISAW, NYU)
- Pleiades place 903043: [Hulwan]/Valashfarr/Beth Lashpar
Pleiades Gazetteer (ISAW, NYU)
- Pleiades place 912800: [(al-)Hir(t)a]/Ertha?
Pleiades Gazetteer (ISAW, NYU)
- Pleiades place 912810: Arakia (island)
Pleiades Gazetteer (ISAW, NYU)
- Pleiades place 912841: E-kara/Icarus (island)
Pleiades Gazetteer (ISAW, NYU)
- Pleiades place 912865: Hurmizd Ardashir/[Suq al-Ahwaz]
Pleiades Gazetteer (ISAW, NYU)
- Pleiades place 912872: Jebel Khayabir/Spasinou Charax?
Pleiades Gazetteer (ISAW, NYU)
- Pleiades place 912873: Jundishapur/Veh-Andiyok-Shapur/Beth Lapat
Pleiades Gazetteer (ISAW, NYU)
- Pleiades place 912880: Kas(h)kar
Pleiades Gazetteer (ISAW, NYU)
- Pleiades place 912899: Maghlub/Forat?/Perat de Meshan?
Pleiades Gazetteer (ISAW, NYU)
- Pleiades place 912905: Mesene/Characene/Maisan
Pleiades Gazetteer (ISAW, NYU)
- Pleiades place 912941: Sostrate/Shushtar
Pleiades Gazetteer (ISAW, NYU)
- Pleiades place 922662: (I)Stakhr
Pleiades Gazetteer (ISAW, NYU)
- Pleiades place 922711: [Rishahr]/Rev Ardashir?/Ionaka?
Pleiades Gazetteer (ISAW, NYU)
- Pleiades place 961873: Alexandria/Antiochia/Merv
Pleiades Gazetteer (ISAW, NYU)
- Pleiades place 961874: Alexandria Ariorum/Artacavan/Harey
Pleiades Gazetteer (ISAW, NYU)
- Pleiades place 961886: Bactra/Zariaspa
Pleiades Gazetteer (ISAW, NYU)
- Pleiades place 999273476: Gaochang
Pleiades Gazetteer (ISAW, NYU)
- Pliny the Younger on Christians (Wikipedia)
Wikipedia contributors
- Pliny the Younger, Letters 10.96-97
public-domain translation; Fordham Internet Ancient History Sourcebook
- Pliska (Wikipedia)
Wikipedia contributors
- Pneumatomachi
Wikipedia
Pneumatomachians ("Macedonians") · Apollinarian and Pneumatomachian disputes
- Pneumatomachi (Macedonians)Confessional source
Catholic Encyclopedia 1913 (confessional)
- Preslav Literary School (Wikipedia)
Wikipedia contributors
- Primary Chronicle (Wikipedia)
Wikipedia contributors
- PriscillianismConfessional source
Catholic Encyclopedia 1913 (confessional)
- Priscillianism
Wikipedia
- Protevangelium of James (ANF trans., PD)
Early Christian Writings
- Pumbedita (Wikipedia)
Wikipedia contributors (CC BY-SA 4.0)
- Pumbedita Academy (Wikipedia, context article)
Wikipedia contributors (CC BY-SA 4.0)
- Qasr Ibrim (Claremont Coptic Encyclopedia)
The Coptic Encyclopedia, CE:2036b-2038a (via Calisphere); The Coptic Encyclopedia (Macmillan 1991), Claremont Colleges Digital Library
- Qenneshre (Wikipedia)
Wikipedia contributors
- Quartodecimanism
Wikipedia
- Quilon Syrian copper plates (Wikipedia)
Wikipedia contributors
- Quilon, Diocese of
Catholic Encyclopedia (1907-1912), public domain; New Advent
- Qur'an 2:62 (Jews, Christians, Sabians)
Quran.com
- Qur'an 3:67 (Abraham as hanif)
Quran.com
- Qur'an 33:40
Quran.com
Mani and the 'seal of the prophets' · Qur'an 33:40: Muhammad as 'seal of the prophets'
- Qur'an 4:157–159, 4:171
Quran.com
Qur'an 4:157–159: 'they did not kill him, nor crucify him' · Qur'an 4:171 and 5:73: 'Do not say Three' / 'God is the third of three'
- Qur'an 61:6
Quran.com
Qur'an 61:6 ('a messenger after me named Ahmad') and the Paraclete
- Qur'an, Surat Al Imran (3), Arabic with translations
Quran.com
Protevangelium of James · Infancy Gospel of Thomas · Christian delegation from Najran in Medina; the mubahala · Qur'an, Sura 3 (Al 'Imran): Mary's family and Jesus
- Qur'an, Surat al-Buruj (85)
Quran.com
- Qur'an, Surat al-Fil (105)
Quran.com
- Qur'an, Surat al-Ikhlas (112)
Quran.com
- Qur'an, Surat al-Kahf (18)
Quran.com
Legend of the Seven Sleepers of Ephesus · Qur'an, Sura 18 (al-Kahf): Companions of the Cave and Dhu al-Qarnayn
- Qur'an, Surat al-Ma'ida (5)
Quran.com
Collyridians: Marian devotion in Arabia (per Epiphanius) · Qur'an 4:171 and 5:73: 'Do not say Three' / 'God is the third of three' · Qur'an, Sura 5 (al-Ma'ida): the Table and 'me and my mother as two gods'
- Qur'an, Surat al-Rum (30):2–5
Quran.com
Byzantine–Sasanian war; Persians take Jerusalem (614); Q 30:2–5 · Qur'an 30:2–5 (al-Rum): 'The Romans have been defeated'
- Qur'an, Surat Maryam (19)
Quran.com
Council of Chalcedon (451): Christ 'in two natures' · Syriac/Arabic Infancy Gospel (Jesus speaks in the cradle) · First hijra: Muslim refugees at the court of the Negus · Qur'an, Sura 19 (Maryam)
- Rabban Hormizd Monastery (Wikipedia)
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- Reichenau Island (Wikipedia)
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- Resafa (Wikipedia)
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Rusafa (Sergiopolis) · Resafa (Sergiopolis), shrine of St Sergius
- Review of J. Maier, Jesus von Nazareth in der talmudischen Überlieferung (1978)
Jakob J. Petuchowski, Journal of the American Oriental Society
- Review of Meerson and Schäfer, Toledot Yeshu: The Life Story of Jesus (2014)
Studies in Christian-Jewish Relations 11.1
- Ribe Cathedral (Wikipedia)
Wikipedia contributors
- Rila Monastery (UNESCO World Heritage List no. 216)
UNESCO World Heritage Centre
- Rila Monastery (Wikipedia)
Wikipedia contributors
- Rimbert, Life of Anskar (Birka, Schleswig/Hedeby, Ribe)
tr. C. H. Robinson (1921), public domain; Fordham Internet Medieval Sourcebook
- Rishahr (Wikipedia)
Wikipedia contributors
- Robert A. Carter, 'Christianity in the Gulf during the First Centuries of Islam', Arabian Archaeology and Epigraphy 19 (2008)
Wiley
Beth Qatraye: Christianity on the Gulf coast · Gulf monasteries: Siniya Island and Sir Bani Yas
- Roman Attitudes Toward the Christians: From Claudius to Hadrian
John Granger Cook (Mohr Siebeck, 2010)
Publius Cornelius Tacitus · Suetonius · Pliny the Younger · Celsus
- S. M. Stern, 'Quotations from Apocryphal Gospels in 'Abd al-Jabbar', Journal of Theological Studies 18.1 (1967), 34–57
Oxford UP
- Sabellianism
Wikipedia
- Sacred City of Anuradhapura (UNESCO World Heritage List no. 200)
UNESCO World Heritage Centre
- Sahih al-Bukhari 3 (Beginning of Revelation) — insider tradition, compiled 9th c.
Sunnah.com
Waraqa ibn Nawfal, Khadija's Christian cousin · First revelation on Mount Hira
- Sahih al-Bukhari 3826–3828 (on Zayd ibn Amr ibn Nufayl)
Sunnah.com
- Saint Catherine Area (UNESCO World Heritage List no. 954)
UNESCO World Heritage Centre
- Saint Catherine's Monastery (Wikipedia)
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- Saint Sophia Cathedral, Kyiv (Wikipedia)
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- Saint Thomas Christian cross (Wikipedia)
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- Saint Thomas Christians (Wikipedia)
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- Samaheej (Wikipedia)
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- Samaritans (Wikipedia, context article)
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Mount Gerizim (Samaritan sanctuary) · Flavia Neapolis (Nablus) · Delos (Samaritan "Israelites" inscriptions) · Holon (modern Samaritan community)
- Samarkand - Crossroad of Cultures (UNESCO World Heritage List no. 603)
UNESCO World Heritage Centre
- Sanctuary of Heqaib (Elephantine) (Pleiades place 378113487)
Pleiades Gazetteer (CC BY 3.0)
- Ṣanʿāʾ (Pleiades place 104811110)
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- Sarapieion C at Delos (Pleiades place 732220284)
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- Sardis Synagogue (Wikipedia)
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- Saul, County Down (Wikipedia)
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- School of Nisibis (Wikipedia)
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- Second Treatise of the Great Seth, NHC VII,2 (Bullard & Gibbons trans.; copyrighted — link only)
Gnostic Society Library
- Seleucia-Ctesiphon (e-GEDSH)
Gorgias Encyclopedic Dictionary of the Syriac Heritage, electronic ed., Beth Mardutho
- Sethianism
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- Shenoute (Wikipedia)
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- Shenute, Saint (Claremont Coptic Encyclopedia)
Claremont Coptic Encyclopedia; The Coptic Encyclopedia (Macmillan 1991), Claremont Colleges Digital Library
- Shushtar Historical Hydraulic System (UNESCO World Heritage List no. 1315)
UNESCO World Heritage Centre
- Shuwaikh Island (Akkaz) (Wikipedia)
Wikipedia contributors
- Sidney H. Griffith, 'Al-Naṣārā in the Qur'ān: A Hermeneutical Reflection', in G. S. Reynolds (ed.), New Perspectives on the Qur'an (2011)
Routledge
Did Jewish-Christian groups survive to shape the Qur'an? · Why does the Qur'an call Christians 'Nasara'? · Qur'an 4:157–159: 'they did not kill him, nor crucify him'
- Sidney H. Griffith, 'Christian Lore and the Arabic Qur'an: The Companions of the Cave in Surat al-Kahf and in Syriac Christian Tradition', in G. S. Reynolds (ed.), The Qur'an in Its Historical Context (2008)
Routledge
- Sidney H. Griffith, 'Narratives of the Companions of the Cave, Moses and His Servant, and Dhu 'l-Qarnayn in Surat al-Kahf', Journal of the International Qur'anic Studies Association 6 (2021)
JIQSA
Qur'an, Sura 18 (al-Kahf): Companions of the Cave and Dhu al-Qarnayn
- Sidney H. Griffith, 'Syriacisms in the Arabic Qur'an: Who were those who said Allah is third of three according to al-Ma'ida 73?', in A Word Fitly Spoken (Ben-Zvi Institute 2007), 83–110
Ben-Zvi Institute (PDF hosted by almuslih.org)
Qur'an 4:171 and 5:73: 'Do not say Three' / 'God is the third of three'
- Sidney H. Griffith, The Bible in Arabic: The Scriptures of the 'People of the Book' in the Language of Islam (2013)
Princeton University Press
Peshitta (standard Syriac Bible) · Was there an Arabic Bible before Islam?
- Silk Roads: the Routes Network of Chang'an-Tianshan Corridor (UNESCO World Heritage List no. 1442)
UNESCO World Heritage Centre
Turfan oasis: Qocho and Bulayiq · Chang'an (Xi'an): the Nestorian Stele of 781
- Simon Magus
Wikipedia
- Simon the ApostleConfessional source
Catholic Encyclopedia (1907-1912), public domain; New Advent
- SimoniansConfessional source
Catholic Encyclopedia 1913 (confessional)
- Sir Bani Yas (Wikipedia)
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Sir Bani Yas church and monastery · Gulf monasteries: Siniya Island and Sir Bani Yas
- Slemish (Wikipedia)
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- Socrates Scholasticus, Church History I.19 (conversion of the Ethiopians)
Socrates Scholasticus, tr. A. C. Zenos, NPNF2 vol. 2 (1890), public domain; New Advent
Aksum · Mtskheta (Svetitskhoveli, Jvari) · Councils of Nicaea (325) and Constantinople (381): the Trinity defined · Frumentius and King Ezana: Aksum becomes Christian
- Socrates Scholasticus, Church History IV.33 (Ulfilas and the Goths)
tr. A. C. Zenos, NPNF2 vol. 2 (1890), public domain; New Advent
Nicopolis ad Istrum (Ulfilas's Goths) · Queen Mavia's revolt and her Arab bishop Moses
- Some Observations on Josephus and Christianity
James Carleton Paget, Journal of Theological Studies 52.2 (2001)
- Sozomen, Church History Book 6 (NPNF trans., PD)
New Advent
- Sozomen, Ecclesiastical History II.7 (the captive woman and the Iberians)
tr. C. D. Hartranft, NPNF2 vol. 2 (1890), public domain; New Advent
- St Cuthbert Gospel (Wikipedia)
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- St Patrick's Confessio Hypertext Stack (Confessio and Letter to Coroticus, texts and translations)
Royal Irish Academy
- St. Aidan of Lindisfarne
Catholic Encyclopedia (1907-1912), public domain; New Advent
- St. Alban
Catholic Encyclopedia (1907-1912), public domain; New Advent
- St. AndrewConfessional source
Catholic Encyclopedia (1907-1912), public domain; New Advent
- St. AthanasiusConfessional source
Catholic Encyclopedia (1907-1912), public domain; New Advent
- St. Brigid of Ireland
Catholic Encyclopedia (1907-1912), public domain; New Advent
- St. Columba
Catholic Encyclopedia (1907-1912), public domain; New Advent
- St. Cyril of AlexandriaConfessional source
Catholic Encyclopedia (1907-1912), public domain; New Advent
- St. James the GreaterConfessional source
Catholic Encyclopedia (1907-1912), public domain; New Advent
- St. John the EvangelistConfessional source
Catholic Encyclopedia (1907-1912), public domain; New Advent
- St. MatthewConfessional source
Catholic Encyclopedia (1907-1912), public domain; New Advent
- St. MatthiasConfessional source
Catholic Encyclopedia (1907-1912), public domain; New Advent
- St. Ninian
Catholic Encyclopedia (1907-1912), public domain; New Advent
- St. Pachomius
Catholic Encyclopedia (1907-1912), public domain; New Advent
- St. Patrick
Catholic Encyclopedia (1907-1912), public domain; New Advent
Armagh · Downpatrick (traditional grave of Patrick) · Saul (Sabhall Phádraig)
- St. PaulConfessional source
Catholic Encyclopedia (1907-1912), public domain; New Advent
- St. Peter, Prince of the ApostlesConfessional source
Catholic Encyclopedia (1907-1912), public domain; New Advent
- St. Thomas Cathedral Basilica, Chennai (Wikipedia)
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- St. Thomas Christians
Catholic Encyclopedia (1907-1912), public domain; New Advent
Muziris (Thomas landing tradition) · Mylapore (tomb of Thomas tradition) · Saint Thomas Christians of Kerala
- St. Thomas Mount (Wikipedia)
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- St. Thomas the ApostleConfessional source
Catholic Encyclopedia (1907-1912), public domain; New Advent
- State Historical and Cultural Park 'Ancient Merv' (UNESCO World Heritage List no. 886)
UNESCO World Heritage Centre
- Stephen J. Shoemaker, 'Epiphanius of Salamis, the Kollyridians, and the Early Dormition Narratives', Journal of Early Christian Studies 16.3 (2008), 371–401
Johns Hopkins UP
Epiphanius, Panarion ('Medicine Chest' against 80 heresies) · Collyridians: Marian devotion in Arabia (per Epiphanius)
- Stephen J. Shoemaker, Creating the Qur'an: A Historical-Critical Study (2022)
University of California Press
- Stephen J. Shoemaker, The Death of a Prophet: The End of Muhammad's Life and the Beginnings of Islam (2012)
University of Pennsylvania Press
- Suetonius on Christians (Wikipedia)
Wikipedia contributors
- Suetonius, Claudius 25.4
tr. J. C. Rolfe, Loeb (1914), public domain; LacusCurtius
- Suetonius, Nero 16.2
tr. J. C. Rolfe, Loeb (1914), public domain; LacusCurtius
- Sura (city) (Wikipedia)
Wikipedia contributors (CC BY-SA 4.0)
- Susa/Seleucia ad Eulaeum (Pleiades place 912936)
Pleiades Gazetteer (CC BY 3.0)
- Sweden
Catholic Encyclopedia (1907-1912), public domain; New Advent
- Sychem (Pleiades place 678403)
Pleiades Gazetteer (CC BY 3.0)
- Synod of Arles (314) (Wikipedia)
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Londinium (Bishop Restitutus, Arles 314) · Eboracum / York (Bishop Eborius, Arles 314)
- Syriac Orthodox Church
e-GEDSH
Miaphysites (non-Chalcedonian / Oriental Orthodox) · Syriac Orthodox Church (Miaphysite branch)
- Syriac Orthodox Church
Wikipedia
- Tacitus on Jesus (Wikipedia)
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- Tacitus, Annals 15.44
tr. A. J. Church and W. J. Brodribb (1876), public domain; Wikisource
- Talmudic academies in Babylonia (Wikipedia, context article)
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- Tana Qirqos (Wikipedia)
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- Tarout Island (Wikipedia)
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- TatianConfessional source
Catholic Encyclopedia 1913 (confessional)
- Tatian, Diatessaron (Arabic version, ANF vol. 9 trans. Hill/Hogg, PD)
New Advent
- Taxila (UNESCO World Heritage List no. 139)
UNESCO World Heritage Centre
- Tayma (Wikipedia)
Wikipedia contributors
- Tell el-Yahudiya (Pleiades place 727147)
Pleiades Gazetteer (CC BY 3.0)
- Tertullian, An Answer to the Jews 7 (Britons 'subjugated to Christ')
tr. S. Thelwall, ANF vol. 3 (1885), public domain; New Advent
- Tertullian, Apology
ANF vol. 3, public domain; New Advent
- Thallus (historian) (Wikipedia)
Wikipedia contributors
- The dispersed monastery on Ṣīr Banī Yās Island: results of the 2025 excavations
Proceedings of the Seminar for Arabian Studies (Archaeopress)
- The early Islamic tradition in Ethiopia: report on the first season of the archaeo-ethnographic research in Negash (Tigray)
Zuzanna Augustyniak and Kamil Kuraszkiewicz, Studies in African Languages and Cultures (SALC), 2024
Negash · First hijra: Muslim refugees at the court of the Negus
- The Hinton St Mary Mosaic (1965,0409.1)
British Museum
- The history of Codex argenteus
Uppsala University Library
- The Letter of Mara bar Sarapion in Context
Annette Merz and Teun Tieleman (eds.) (Brill, 2012)
- The Prospect of a Christian Interpolation in Tacitus, Annals 15.44
Richard Carrier, Vigiliae Christianae 68.3 (2014)
- The Testimonium Flavianum in Syriac and Arabic
Alice Whealey, New Testament Studies 54 (2008)
- Theodore Psalter (Wikipedia)
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- Thomas the Apostle (Wikipedia)
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- Three Chapters (Catholic Encyclopedia 1913, confessional)Confessional source
Catholic Encyclopedia / New Advent
- Three-Chapter Controversy (Wikipedia)
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- Tiberius Julius Abdes Pantera (Wikipedia)
Wikipedia contributors
- Toledot Yeshu ('The Life Story of Jesus') Revisited
Peter Schäfer, Michael Meerson and Yaacov Deutsch (eds.) (Mohr Siebeck, 2011)
- Toledot Yeshu (Wikipedia)
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- Tomb of Daniel (Wikipedia)
Wikipedia contributors (CC BY-SA 4.0)
- Tomb of Esther and Mordechai (Wikipedia)
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- Tombs of the Kings (Jerusalem) (Wikipedia)
Wikipedia contributors (CC BY-SA 4.0)
- Tommaso Tesei, 'The Prophecy of Dhu-l-Qarnayn (Q 18:83–102) and the Origins of the Qur'anic Corpus', Miscellanea Arabica (2013–2014), 273–290 (bibliographic record via later study)
Academia.edu (citing study)
- UlfilasConfessional source
Catholic Encyclopedia (1907-1912), public domain; New Advent
- Upsala, Ancient See of
Catholic Encyclopedia (1907-1912), public domain; New Advent
- Uri Rubin, 'The Seal of the Prophets and the Finality of Prophecy: On the Interpretation of the Qur'anic Surat al-Ahzab (33)', ZDMG 164.1 (2014)
Harrassowitz
Mani and the 'seal of the prophets' · Qur'an 33:40: Muhammad as 'seal of the prophets'
- Uspenski Gospels (Wikipedia)
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- Valentinianism
Wikipedia
- Valentinus and ValentiniansConfessional source
Catholic Encyclopedia 1913 (confessional)
- Veliki Preslav (Wikipedia)
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- Waldensians
Wikipedia
- Wasit (Wikipedia)
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- Water Newton Treasure (Wikipedia)
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- What Was Paul Doing in 'Arabia'?
Jerome Murphy-O'Connor, Bible Review (1994), BAS Library
- White Monastery (Wikipedia)
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- Wikipedia: Adi ibn Zayd
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- Wikipedia: Al-Hirah
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- Wikipedia: Al-Nu'man III ibn al-Mundhir
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- Wikipedia: Ar-Rum
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- Wikipedia: Arabic Infancy Gospel
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- Wikipedia: Birmingham Quran manuscript
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- Wikipedia: Book of the Himyarites
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Book of the Himyarites and the Letter of Simeon of Beth Arsham
- Wikipedia: Byzantine–Sasanian War of 602–628
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Byzantine–Sasanian war; Persians take Jerusalem (614); Q 30:2–5 · Qur'an 30:2–5 (al-Rum): 'The Romans have been defeated'
- Wikipedia: Clementine literature
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- Wikipedia: Collyridianism
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- Wikipedia: Frumentius
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- Wikipedia: Gospel of James
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- Wikipedia: Gospel of Pseudo-Matthew
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Palm-tree miracle (Gospel of Pseudo-Matthew and Dormition texts)
- Wikipedia: Gospel of the Ebionites
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- Wikipedia: Harran inscription
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Pre-Islamic Christian inscriptions in Arabic script (Zabad 512, Jabal Usays 528, Harran 568)
- Wikipedia: Heraclius
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- Wikipedia: Himyarite Kingdom
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- Wikipedia: Hira
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- Wikipedia: Historicity of Jesus
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- Wikipedia: Infancy Gospel of Thomas
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- Wikipedia: Islamic views on Jesus' death
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- Wikipedia: Jacob Baradaeus
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- Wikipedia: Jacob of Serugh
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- Wikipedia: James the Just
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- Wikipedia: Jewish–Christian gospels
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- Wikipedia: Kaaba
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- Wikipedia: Kaleb of Axum
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- Wikipedia: Kathisma Church
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Church of the Kathisma ('Seat' of Mary) between Jerusalem and Bethlehem
- Wikipedia: Maria al-Qibtiyya
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- Wikipedia: Nasara
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- Wikipedia: Nestorius
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- Wikipedia: Nicene Creed
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Councils of Nicaea (325) and Constantinople (381): the Trinity defined
- Wikipedia: Oriental Orthodox Churches
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- Wikipedia: Panarion
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- Wikipedia: Paraclete
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Qur'an 61:6 ('a messenger after me named Ahmad') and the Paraclete
- Wikipedia: Peshitta
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- Wikipedia: Quss Ibn Sa'ida al-Iyadi
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- Wikipedia: Rahmanan
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- Wikipedia: Sabians
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- Wikipedia: Sasanian conquest of Jerusalem
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Byzantine–Sasanian war; Persians take Jerusalem (614); Q 30:2–5
- Wikipedia: Second Treatise of the Great Seth
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- Wikipedia: Seven Sleepers
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- Wikipedia: Simeon of Beth Arsham
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Martyrdom of the Christians of Najran · Book of the Himyarites and the Letter of Simeon of Beth Arsham
- Wikipedia: Simeon Stylites
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- Wikipedia: Synod of Isaac
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Synods of Seleucia-Ctesiphon (410, 424): the Church of the East organizes
- Wikipedia: Theodore of Mopsuestia
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- Wikipedia: Theotokos
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- Wikipedia: True Cross
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- Wikipedia: Ubayd Allah ibn Jahsh
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'Ubayd Allah ibn Jahsh, the hanif who became a Christian in Ethiopia
- Wikipedia: Umayya ibn Abi as-Salt
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- Wikipedia: Zabad inscription
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Pre-Islamic Christian inscriptions in Arabic script (Zabad 512, Jabal Usays 528, Harran 568)
- Wikipedia: Zayd ibn Amr
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- Xi'an Stele (Wikipedia)
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- Yaroslav the Wise (Wikipedia)
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- Yeha (Wikipedia)
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- Yemenite Jews (Wikipedia)
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- Yeshu (Wikipedia)
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- Zafar, Yemen (Wikipedia)
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- Ziggurat at Nippur (Pleiades place 745146970)
Pleiades Gazetteer (CC BY 3.0)
Document catalog
Edition records from the loaded catalog. A URL here is the retrieval target for that edition, not a citation on a historical page.
- Against Apion
- An Old Babylonian Version of the Gilgamesh Epic
- Antiquities of the Jews
- Dhammapada, a Collection of Verses; Being One of the Canonical Books of the Buddhists
- Hesiod, the Homeric Hymns, and Homerica
- Phaedo
- Pistis Sophia
- Sacred Books of the East
- The Babylonian Legends of the Creation
- The book of Enoch
- The Book of the Dead
- The divine Pymander ... in XVII. books
- The Golden Asse
- The Life of Flavius Josephus
- The Mirror of Alchimy
- The Song Celestial; Or, Bhagavad-Gîtâ (from the Mahâbhârata) Being a discourse between Arjuna, Prince of India, and the Supreme Being under the form of Krishna
- The Tao Teh King, or the Tao and its Characteristics
- The Upanishads
- The Wars of the Jews; Or, The History of the Destruction of Jerusalem
- The Works of Lucian of Samosata — Volume 01
- The writings of Origen, Vol. 1 (of 2)
- The writings of Origen, Vol. 2 (of 2)
- The writings of the Apostolic Fathers
- Timaeus
- 3 Enoch / Hebrew Book of Enoch
https://archive.org/search?query=title%3A%223+Enoch%22+creator%3AOdeberg
- Against Heresies
- Against Marcion
- Apocalypse of Abraham
https://archive.org/search?query=title%3A%22Apocalypse+of+Abraham%22+creator%3ABox
- Apocalypse of Baruch (2 Baruch)
https://archive.org/search?query=title%3A%22Apocalypse+of+Baruch%22+creator%3ACharles
- Ascension of Isaiah
https://archive.org/search?query=title%3A%22Ascension+of+Isaiah%22+creator%3ACharles
- Beatitudes (4Q525)
- Book of the Dead: Papyrus of Ani
- Book of the Secrets of Enoch (2 Enoch)
https://archive.org/search?query=title%3A%22Book+of+the+Secrets+of+Enoch%22
- Books of Jeu & Untitled Text (Bruce Codex)
- Community Rule (Serekh ha-Yahad, 1QS)
- Deuterocanonical / Apocrypha books (WEB)
- Deuterocanonical Books of the Bible / Apocrypha (PG 124)
- Divine Pymander (1650), composite scan with supplied missing pages
https://archive.org/download/hermetica/The_Divine_Pymander_%281650%29.pdf
- Divine Pymander, Everard 1650: independent microfilm scan
- Ecclesiastical History
- Enneads
https://archive.org/search?query=title%3AEnneads+creator%3AMacKenna
- Epic of Gilgamesh
- Excerpts of Theodotus (Clement of Alexandria)
- Exegesis on the Soul
- Exegesis on the Soul, NHC II,6 (Zinner/Mattison)
- Ezra Apocalypse (4 Ezra)
https://archive.org/search?query=title%3A%22Ezra-Apocalypse%22
- First Apocalypse (Revelation) of James
- First Apocalypse of James (NHC V,3) — see 1-apoc-james
- Fragments (NHC XII,3)
- Gospel of the Savior (P.Berol. 22220)
- Great Isaiah Scroll (1QIsa-a)
- Halakhic Letter (4QMMT)
- Hebrew Bible / Old Testament (WEB)
- Joseph and Aseneth
https://archive.org/search?query=title%3A%22Joseph+and+Asenath%22+creator%3ABrooks
- Justin Martyr: Apologies and Dialogue with Trypho
- Melchizedek Scroll (11Q13)
- Messianic Apocalypse (4Q521)
- On Abstinence from Animal Food
https://archive.org/search?query=title%3A%22Abstinence%22+creator%3APorphyry
- On Isis and Osiris
- On the Mysteries
https://archive.org/search?query=title%3A%22Iamblichus+on+the+Mysteries%22
- Pesher Habakkuk (1QpHab)
- Plato Republic excerpt, NHC VI,5: Coptic-version English translation
- Plato, Republic 588a-589b (Coptic, NHC VI,5)
- Refutation of All Heresies
- Rig Veda, complete hymns
- Rule of the Congregation (1QSa)
- Secret Book (Apocryphon) of John
- Secret Book of John (NHC II,1) — see ap-john
- Seven Tablets of Creation / Enuma Elish
- Sibylline Oracles
https://archive.org/search?query=title%3A%22Sibylline+Oracles%22+creator%3ATerry
- Son of God Text (4Q246, Aramaic Apocalypse)
- Temple Scroll (11QT)
- Testament of Abraham
https://archive.org/search?query=title%3A%22Testament+of+Abraham%22+creator%3AJames
- Thanksgiving Hymns (Hodayot, 1QHa)
- Upanishads, SBE volume 1
- Upanishads, SBE volume 15
- War Scroll (1QM)
- Works of Philo Judaeus, volume 1
- Works of Philo Judaeus, volume 2
- Works of Philo Judaeus, volume 3
- Works of Philo Judaeus, volume 4
- Zend-Avesta, SBE volume 23
- Zend-Avesta, SBE volume 31
- Zend-Avesta, SBE volume 4