Three Chapters controversy (553)
543–7th c.
attested. Attested.
To reconcile the Miaphysites, Justinian condemned three 'chapters' associated with the Antiochene school: Theodore of Mopsuestia, Theodoret's writings against Cyril, and Ibas' letter to Mari. Since Chalcedon had received Theodoret and Ibas, western bishops saw this as an attack on Chalcedon.
Sides
Defenders of the Three Chapters
Leaders: Facundus of Hermiane, Vigilius (at first), Pelagius I (at first), Bishops of Aquileia and Milan, African bishops (Reparatus)
Condemning the dead men whom Chalcedon had received undermines the council.
Justinian's party
Leaders: Justinian I, Theodore Askidas, Eutychius of Constantinople
Condemn Antiochene "Nestorian" writings to clarify Chalcedon for Miaphysites.
Councils and places
Outcome
Constantinople II (553) condemned the Three Chapters, and Vigilius eventually conceded.
What happened to the losers
The 'Schism of the Three Chapters' cut off Aquileia and its suffragans from Rome until 698/699 (Synod of Pavia). African dissenters were exiled. The Miaphysites were not won over. The Church of the East, which venerates Theodore, was further estranged.