People (46)
Apostles, fathers, and the non-Christian writers who mention Jesus. Badges say whether a claim is attested, traditional, or disputed. Hostile critics are marked on their pages.
- tradition
Simon Peter
d. c. 64-68
apostle, leader of the Twelve
- attested
Paul of Tarsus
c. 5-c. 64/67
apostle to the Gentiles, letter writer
- attested
James the Just, brother of Jesus
d. 62
leader of the Jerusalem church
- tradition
John, son of Zebedee
1st c.
apostle
- tradition
Andrew
1st c.
apostle
- tradition
Thomas
1st c.
apostle
- tradition
Bartholomew
1st c.
apostle
- tradition
Matthew
1st c.
apostle, traditional evangelist
- tradition
Philip
1st c.
apostle
- attested
James, son of Zebedee
d. c. 44
apostle
- tradition
Jude Thaddeus
1st c.
apostle
- tradition
Simon the Zealot
1st c.
apostle
- tradition
Matthias
1st c.
apostle (replaced Judas)
- tradition
Mark the Evangelist
1st c.
evangelist, companion of Peter and Paul
- attested
Ignatius of Antioch
d. c. 110-117
bishop of Antioch, martyr
- attested
Polycarp of Smyrna
c. 69-c. 155
bishop of Smyrna, martyr
- attested
Justin Martyr
c. 100-c. 165
apologist, philosopher
- attested
Irenaeus of Lyon
c. 130-c. 202
bishop of Lyon, theologian
- attested
Tertullian
c. 155-c. 220
apologist, theologian
- attested
Clement of Alexandria
c. 150-c. 215
teacher, theologian
- attested
Origen
c. 185-c. 253
scholar, theologian, exegete
- attested
Cyprian of Carthage
c. 210-258
bishop of Carthage, martyr
- attested
Athanasius of Alexandria
c. 296-373
bishop of Alexandria, theologian
- attested
Basil of Caesarea
c. 330-379
bishop, Cappadocian Father, monastic founder
- attested
Gregory of Nazianzus
c. 329-390
bishop, Cappadocian Father
- attested
Gregory of Nyssa
c. 335-c. 395
bishop, Cappadocian Father
- attested
Ephrem the Syrian
c. 306-373
deacon, poet-theologian
- disputed
Aphrahat, 'the Persian Sage'
c. 270-c. 345
ascetic, writer
- attested
Jerome
c. 347-420
scholar, translator
- attested
Augustine of Hippo
354-430
bishop, theologian
- attested
John Chrysostom
c. 347-407
archbishop of Constantinople, preacher
- attested
Cyril of Alexandria
c. 376-444
patriarch of Alexandria, theologian
- attested
Shenoute of Atripe
c. 347-465
abbot, Coptic writer
- attested
Isaac of Nineveh (Isaac the Syrian)
c. 613-c. 700
bishop, mystic
- disputed
Flavius Josephus
37-c. 100
Jewish historian, non-Christian source on Jesus
- attestedHostile
Publius Cornelius Tacitus
c. 56-c. 120
Roman historian, non-Christian source on Jesus
- disputedHostile
Suetonius
c. 69-after 122
Roman biographer, non-Christian source
- attestedHostile
Pliny the Younger
c. 61-c. 113
governor of Bithynia-Pontus, non-Christian source
- disputed
Mara bar Serapion
after 73 (date debated)
Stoic letter writer, non-Christian source
- disputed
Thallus (via Julius Africanus)
Thallus: 1st-2nd c. (debated); Africanus c. 160-c. 240
historian (lost), chronographer
- attestedHostile
Celsus
fl. c. 175-180
pagan philosopher, hostile critic
- attestedHostile
Lucian of Samosata
c. 125-after 180
satirist, non-Christian source
- disputedHostile
Yeshu in the Babylonian Talmud (b. Sanhedrin 43a)
redacted c. 500-600; traditions older
rabbinic text tradition
- disputedHostile
Jacob of Kefar Sekhanya (t. Hullin 2:22-24)
2nd c. setting; Tosefta c. 250-300
early Jewish-Christian healer (in rabbinic tradition)
- disputedHostile
The Ben Pandera / Panthera tradition
attested c. 178 (Celsus); rabbinic texts 3rd c. onward
polemical paternity tradition
- disputedHostile
Toledot Yeshu
medieval (Aramaic Genizah fragments; Agobard of Lyon c. 826 knew its themes)
Jewish counter-gospel
Earlier atlas biographies (66)
- Clement of Rome
late first century
A leading presbyter or bishop in Rome
- Papias of Hierapolis
early second century
Bishop of Hierapolis, collector of oral tradition
- Hermas
first half of the second century, perhaps earlier
Roman prophet, author of the Shepherd
- Tatian
later second century
Pupil of Justin, author of the Diatessaron
- Theophilus of Antioch
later second century
Bishop of Antioch
- Athenagoras
later second century
Christian apologist
- Melito of Sardis
later second century
Bishop of Sardis
- Hippolytus
early third century
Roman theologian and rigorist; the corpus may be more than one author
- Novatian
mid-third century
Roman presbyter and rigorist rival bishop
- Dionysius of Alexandria
bishop about 248–264
Bishop of Alexandria
- Paul of Samosata
bishop of Antioch about 260, deposed about 268
Bishop of Antioch
- Gregory the Wonderworker
about 213–270
Pupil of Origen, bishop of Neocaesarea
- Lactantius
about 250–325
Latin rhetor and Christian apologist
- Donatus
early fourth century
Leader of the rigorist party in North Africa
- Arius
died 336
Presbyter of Alexandria
- Alexander of Alexandria
bishop about 313–328
Bishop of Alexandria
- Ossius of Corduba
about 256–357
Bishop of Córdoba and imperial adviser
- Eusebius of Caesarea
about 260–339
Bishop of Caesarea and historian
- Eusebius of Nicomedia
died 341
Bishop of Nicomedia, later of Constantinople
- Theognis of Nicaea
bishop in 325
Bishop of Nicaea
- Secundus of Ptolemais
bishop in 325
Bishop of Ptolemais in Libya
- Theonas of Marmarica
bishop in 325
Bishop of Marmarica
- Marcellus of Ancyra
died about 374
Bishop of Ancyra
- Constantine I
emperor 306–337
Roman emperor
- Constantius II
emperor 337–361
Roman emperor
- Eustathius of Antioch
deposed about 327–330
Bishop of Antioch
- Basil of Ancyra
died about 364
Bishop of Ancyra and Homoiousian leader
- Theodosius I
emperor 379–395
Roman emperor
- Meletius of Antioch
died 381
Bishop of Antioch
- Cyril of Jerusalem
about 313–387
Bishop of Jerusalem
- Demophilus of Constantinople
died about 386
Homoian bishop of Constantinople
- Eleusius of Cyzicus
later fourth century
Bishop of Cyzicus
- Acacius of Caesarea
died 366
Bishop of Caesarea and Homoian leader
- Eudoxius of Constantinople
died 370
Bishop of Antioch, then of Constantinople
- Aetius
died about 367
Anomoean teacher and deacon
- Eunomius of Cyzicus
about 335–393
Anomoean bishop and theologian
- Ursacius of Singidunum
active 330s–370s
Bishop of Singidunum
- Valens of Mursa
active 330s–370s
Bishop of Mursa
- Phoebadius of Agen
died about 392
Bishop of Agen
- Antony the Great
about 251–356
Egyptian ascetic
- Ambrose of Milan
about 339–397
Bishop of Milan
- Pelagius
active about 390–418
Ascetic teacher in Rome and the East
- John Chrysostom
about 349–407
Priest in Antioch, bishop of Constantinople
- Nestorius
bishop 428, deposed 431, died about 451
Bishop of Constantinople
- John of Antioch
bishop about 429–441
Bishop of Antioch
- Theodore of Mopsuestia
about 350–428
Bishop of Mopsuestia
- Leo I of Rome
bishop 440–461
Bishop of Rome
- Flavian of Constantinople
bishop 446–449
Bishop of Constantinople
- Dioscorus of Alexandria
bishop 444, deposed 451
Bishop of Alexandria
- Eutyches
condemned 448, restored 449, condemned 451
Archimandrite in Constantinople
- Theodosius II
emperor 408–450
Eastern Roman emperor
- Marcian
emperor 450–457
Eastern Roman emperor
- Pulcheria
Augusta, died 453
Eastern Roman empress
- Marcion of Sinope
active in Rome about the 140s
Teacher expelled from the Roman church
- Valentinus
taught in Rome about 140–160
Christian teacher
- Basilides
early second century
Teacher in Alexandria
- Montanus
later second century
Prophet in Phrygia
- Mani
about 216–274
Founder of Manichaeism
- Porphyry
about 234–305
Pagan philosopher
- Julian
emperor 361–363
Pagan emperor and critic
- Macarius the Egyptian
about 300–390
Monk of Scetis
- Pachomius
about 292–346
Founder of community monasticism in Upper Egypt
- Meletius of Lycopolis
early fourth century
Leader of a rigorist schism in Egypt
- Stephen of Rome
bishop 254–257
Bishop of Rome
- Damasus I
bishop of Rome 366–384
Bishop of Rome
- Caecilian of Carthage
bishop from about 311
Bishop of Carthage
Catalog attribution strings
Names printed in the Sage catalog. They are not the biographies above, and they are not checked identities.
- 19th-century Moralia translation, exact translator pending (display)
- A. C. McGiffert (display)
- ANF volume 1 translators (display)
- ANF volume 1 translators, per work (display)
- ANF volume 3 translators (display)
- Adlington, William, active 1566 (translator)
- Ancient Egyptian scribes (author_attributed)
- Anonymous Akkadian/Sumerian traditions (author_attributed)
- Anonymous Babylonian scribes (author_attributed)
- Anonymous; attributed setting in Genesis (author_attributed)
- Apuleius (author_attributed)
- Arnold, Edwin, Sir, 1832-1904 (translator)
- Attributed to Abammon; Iamblichus (author_attributed)
- Attributed to Abraham (author_attributed)
- Attributed to Baruch (author_attributed)
- Attributed to Enoch (author_attributed)
- Attributed to Ezra (author_attributed)
- Attributed to Isaiah (author_attributed)
- Attributed to Rabbi Ishmael (author_attributed)
- Attributed to Sibyls; Jewish/Christian layers (author_attributed)
- Attribution not independently checked (author_attributed)
- Bacon, Roger, 1214?-1294 (author_attributed)
- Beal, Samuel, 1825-1889 (translator)
- Budge, E. A. Wallis (Ernest Alfred Wallis), Sir, 1857-1934 (author_attributed)
- C. D. Yonge (display)
- Cairns, W. H., -1872 (translator)
- Carl Schmidt/MacDermot editions copyrighted; Charlotte Baynes 1933 'Untitled' (status unclear) (display)
- Charles, R. H. (Robert Henry), 1855-1931 (translator)
- Clay, Albert Tobias, 1866-1925 (author_attributed)
- Clement I, Pope, -100? (author_attributed)
- Crombie, Frederick, 1827-1889 (translator)
- Darmesteter, James, 1849-1894 (translator)
- Donaldson, James, Sir, 1831-1915 (translator)
- E. A. Wallis Budge (display)
- E. W. Brooks (display)
- Eusebius of Caesarea (author_attributed)
- Evelyn-White, Hugh G. (Hugh Gerard), 1884-1924 (translator)
- F. Max Müller (display)
- Fowler, F. G. (Francis George), 1870-1918 (translator)
- Fowler, H. W. (Henry Watson), 1858-1933 (translator)
- G. H. Box (display)
- Hedrick & Mirecki 1999 (copyrighted) (display)
- Hermas, active 2nd century (author_attributed)
- Hermes, Trismegistus (author_attributed)
- Hesiod (author_attributed)
- Horner, G. (George), 1849-1930 (translator)
- Hugo Odeberg (display)
- Ignatius, Saint, Bishop of Antioch, -110? (author_attributed)
- Irenaeus of Lyon (author_attributed)
- J. H. Macmahon (display)
- James Darmesteter (display)
- Jastrow, Morris, 1861-1921 (author_attributed)
- John Everard (translator)
- John French (preface signed J.F.) (editor)
- Josephus, Flavius, 38?-100? (author_attributed)
- Jowett, Benjamin, 1817-1893 (translator)
- Justin Martyr (author_attributed)
- L. H. Mills (display)
- L. W. King (display)
- Laozi (author_attributed)
- Legge, Francis, 1853-1922 (other)
- Legge, James, 1815-1897 (translator)
- Lucian, of Samosata, 120-180 (author_attributed)
- M. R. James (display)
- Milton S. Terry (display)
- Modern translations (Vermes, Wise/Abegg/Cook, García Martínez) are copyrighted; no complete PD English translation identified (display)
- Multiple authors (author_attributed)
- Multiple authors, traditional attributions (author_attributed)
- Multiple sages, traditional attributions (author_attributed)
- Müller, F. Max (Friedrich Max), 1823-1900 (translator)
- Origen, 185?-254? (author_attributed)
- Othergospels.com edition (licence not checked) (display)
- Papias, Saint, Bishop of Hierapolis, -120? (author_attributed)
- Paramananda, Swami, 1884-1940 (translator)
- Philo of Alexandria (author_attributed)
- Plato, 428? BCE-348? BCE (author_attributed)
- Plotinus, edited by Porphyry (author_attributed)
- Plutarch (author_attributed)
- Polycarp, Saint, Bishop of Smyrna, 69-155 (author_attributed)
- Porphyry (author_attributed)
- R. Campbell Thompson (display)
- R. H. Charles (display)
- Ralph T. H. Griffith (display)
- Roberts & Donaldson (eds.), Ante-Nicene Fathers (1885-96), via CCEL vol. 8 (display)
- Roberts, Alexander, 1826-1901 (translator)
- Sale, George, 1697?-1736 (translator)
- Tertullian (author_attributed)
- Thomas Taylor (display)
- Thomas Taylor or Stephen MacKenna, edition-specific (display)
- Traditional rishis / multiple composers (author_attributed)
- Traditionally Hippolytus; attribution debated (author_attributed)
- W. R. Morfill; R. H. Charles editor (display)
- Whiston, William, 1667-1752 (translator)
- Wilson, Epiphanius, 1845-1916 (editor)
- World English Bible contributors (display)
- Zinner PDF on academia.edu (PD) (display)
- Zinner synoptic translation (PD) on academia.edu (display)
- Zoroastrian priestly tradition (author_attributed)
- none (display)
- see 1-apoc-james (display)
- see ap-john (display)