Story
Augustine's Africa
A bishop, two controversies, and the limits of his map of his enemies.
Step 1
From Milan to Hippo
Augustine was baptized by Ambrose's church in Milan in 387 and was bishop of Hippo by the mid-390s. Confessions tells that story as a prayer, not as a neutral chronicle.
Step 2
A church that stays holy
Against Donatists, Augustine argued that baptism and ordination do not depend on the minister's personal purity, and he eventually accepted coercion of schismatics by the state. The second move is his, and it was contested then.
Step 3
Grace
Pelagius's call for moral effort collided with Augustine's teaching that grace precedes merit and that infants need baptism. Carthage in 418 sided with Augustine. Pelagius's surviving lines are not identical to the system Augustine described.